Maternal diet and offspring telomere length: a systematic review. 138, 4960. (B) Median telomere length in granulocytes (gray dots). To determine whether telomere shortening can be a single parameter to predict species longevities, here we measured in parallel the telomere length of a wide variety of species (birds and mammals . Exp Gerontol. Telomere length: a potential biomarker for the risk and prognosis of stroke. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133174, Zhang, X., Zhao, Q., Zhu, W., Liu, T., Xie, S. H., Zhong, L. X., et al. [Epub ahead of print]. Do leukocyte telomere length dynamics depend on baseline telomere length? Psychoneuroendocrinology 99, 271278. The authors concluded that TL measures different aspects of the aging process as compared to the patient-level physiological biomarker composites. Short telomeres were linked to organ failure, and long ones to a variety of cancers. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq180, Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. Res. Cardiol. Inflammation, but not telomere length, predicts successful ageing at extreme old age: a longitudinal study of semi-supercentenarians. Leukocyte telomere length in newborns: implications for the role of telomeres in human disease. Wentzensen, I. M., Mirabello, L., Pfeiffer, R. M., and Savage, S. A. (2020). 2019:5046867. doi: 10.1155/2019/5046867, Yabluchanskiy, A., Ungvari, Z., Csiszar, A., and Tarantini, S. (2018). (2004). In a systematic review comprising 119,439 individuals in total, a weak to moderate association between obesity and TL was observed in 39 of 63 included studies; a significant heterogeneity, however, was observed between studies (Mundstock et al., 2015). (2013). (2018). J. Immunol. Cardiovascular Disease, Aging, and Clonal Hematopoiesis. An accelerated rate of telomere attrition is also a common feature of age-related diseases. doi: 10.1007/s00294-018-0836-6, Turner, K. J., Vasu, V., and Griffin, D. K. (2019). Short LTL was also shown to be associated with different aspects of metabolic syndrome (Khalangot et al., 2017, 2019, 2020). Commun. Telomere length and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. (2013). In the t-loop structure, the 3 end of the G-rich strand protrudes as a single stranded overhang, known as the G-overhang (Turner et al., 2019). Front. Remarkably, the impact of parental germ cells on TL remains significant even despite the telomere reprogramming throughout embryonic development, initially by the recombination-based mechanisms and then through the activity of telomerase at the blastocyst stage and later (Kalmbach et al., 2014, see also Figure 2 for schematic illustration). 2045, 217224. Cells 8:73. doi: 10.3390/cells8010073, Turner, S., Wong, H. P., Rai, J., and Hartshorne, G. M. (2010). In particular, TeSLA is capable of measuring different cellular subpopulations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, e.g., CD28() T cells, which have a limited capability for cell division, shorter telomeres, and more high rate of telomere shortening relative to other subtypes of mononuclear cells (Weng et al., 2009). The .gov means its official. (2017). J. Alzheimers Dis. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102736, Huang, E. E., Tedone, E., O'Hara, R., Cornelius, C., Lai, T. P., Ludlow, A., et al. Therefore, the measurement of LTL is not yet widely-used in routine clinical diagnostics. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.09.012, Lin, J., Smith, D. L., Esteves, K., and Drury, S. (2019). Based upon comparison between individuals of different ages, telomere length is negatively associated with the number of cell divisions in germ and tumor cells. Methods 352, 7180. Scatter plots and density plots of LTL as a function of age for males and females residing in different countries. Indeed, TL operates at a lower (cellular) level of the biological hierarchy compared to other components operating at various systemic levels. Generally, rTLs were shown to be positively correlated between tissues. Using TL in Human Studies: Analytical and Methodological Challenges, https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.630186, American Federation for Aging Research (2016), Telomeres Mendelian Randomization Collaboration et al., 2017, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Laboratory of Epigenetics, D.F. Telomere attrition, telomere length and telomerase. (2020), nine measurements of biological age (Figure 5A) were assessed in a 20-year follow-up in 845 individuals from a Swedish population-based cohort. B. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.09.002, Watson, J. D. (1972). Therefore, considerable efforts were made over the past few decades to develop measures of biological aging which are reliable, precise, and robust. Proc. Two main components of human telomerase are telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA component (TERC) serving as a template for the telomere elongation (Rubtsova and Dontsova, 2020). Results from these studies indicate that TL does not reflect underlying aging processes and therefore cannot be considered as universal marker of biological aging. -, Zijlmans J. M., et al. R. Soc. (2017). 5:61. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00061. Dev. 29, 144145. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly184, Victorelli, S., and Passos, J. F. (2017). Decline in telomere length with age differs between lymphocytes and granulocytes. Telomerase activation in the treatment of aging or degenerative diseases: a systematic review. Human nave and memory T lymphocytes differ in telomeric length and replicative potential. It should be noted, however, that although FISH-based methods produce highly reliable results, they are quite labor intensive and require expensive equipment. Sci Rep. 9:1404. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38904-0, Dlouha, D., Maluskova, J., Kralova Lesna, I., Lanska, V., and Hubacek, J. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwx346, Belsky, J., and Shalev, I. Moreover, despite convincing evidence has been provided for links between TL and specific age-related diseases, no significant relationship was found between the TL and syndrome of aging-related physiological decline (frailty), a geriatric clinical syndrome characterized by marked vulnerability to adverse health outcomes (Zhou et al., 2018; Arajo Carvalho et al., 2019). Pauliny A, Wagner RH, Augustin J, Szp T, Blomqvist D. Mol Ecol. These inter-tissue differences were likely due to differences in the proliferation rate and different life spans of the various cell types, and also in oxidative stress levels in these tissues. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.029, Arajo Carvalho, A. C., Tavares Mendes, M. L., da Silva Reis, M. C., Santos, V. S., Tanajura, D. M., and Martins-Filho, P. (2019). Vidacek N, Nanic L, Ravlic S, Sopta M, Geric M, Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Rubelj I. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Recenely, a potential causal link between short gTLs and accelerated facial aging was demonstrated using Mendelian randomization analysis in participants of the UK Biobank data (Zhan and Hgg, 2020). Cells 8:107. doi: 10.3390/cells8020107, Okuda, K., Bardeguez, A., Gardner, J. P., Rodriguez, P., Ganesh, V., Kimura, M., et al. J. Gerontol. 47, 105122. , Telomere length in the newborn. Genet. Therefore, in cross-sectional studies of oldest-old participants, only survivors with relatively long TLs may be involved, and, thereby, the variability in TL can be reduced (Mather et al., 2011). doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.004, Lee, J., Lau, S., Meijer, E., and Hu, P. (2020). (2016) study, LTL range was 7.0111.6 kb in the newborns, 6.199.81 kb in their mothers (age range, 1742 years), and 5.839.88 kb in fathers (age range, 1756 years). Likewise, in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study, patients in 2-4 LTL quartiles had 18% lower hazard ratio for all-cause mortality and 17% lower hazard ratio for CVD-mortality when compared to those in the 1st quartile (Pusceddu et al., 2018). Proc. However, even though convincing evidence has been obtained from in vitro and in vivo models that TL reflects levels of both the cellular senescence and chronic disease-related oxidative stress, epidemiological and clinical findings are far less conclusive (Sanders and Newman, 2013). (2008). Mol. Age-related change in mobility: perspectives from life course epidemiology and geroscience. [Epub ahead of print]. More specifically, TLs of unrelated persons were found to shorten by ~21 8 (males) and 29 4 (females) bp/year, while after 100 years of age, TLs were found to increase by 59 25 (males) and 48 11 (females) bp/year (Figure 4). To determine whether telomere shortening can be a single parameter to predict species longevities, here we measured in parallel the telomere length of a wide variety of species (birds and mammals) with very different life spans and body sizes, including mouse (Mus musculus), goat (Capra hircus), Audouin's gull (Larus audouinii), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), and Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus). (2011). It indicates that TL in circulating leukocytes may be a good surrogate marker for TL in other somatic cell types. Correlation between TLs in leukocytes and skeletal muscles was demonstrated in recent study by Hiam et al. In particular, convincing evidence has been obtained for the association of short telomeres with elevated risk of gastrointestinal, head and neck cancers (Zhu et al., 2016). Evidence is obtained that other indicators such as certain immune parameters, indices of epigenetic age, etc., could be stronger predictors of the health status and the risk of chronic disease. J. Surg. However, in a meta-analysis by Zhang et al. With TeSLA, it is possible to detect telomere dynamics in a range from <1 to ~18 kb in both normal aging processes and in telomere-related disorders in humans. Figure 5. Aims/introduction: To investigate the effect of telomere shortening and other predictive factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a 6-year prospective cohort study. (2019). Stem Cell Res. However, as a downside, there is growing evidence indicating that telomere shortening also limits stem cell function, regeneration, and organ maintenance during ageing. Ther. Correlations of BAs in 288 individuals (612 complete measurements). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. There is evidence from several studies that TL in leukocytes reflects systemic TL in other tissues. JAMA Oncol. These results support the notion that critical telomere shortening and the consequent onset of telomeric DNA damage and cellular senescence are a general determinant of species life span. Rev. Interestingly, findings from some studies indicated that rate of age-dependent telomere shortening during adulthood was more pronounced in those persons who had longer telomeres at baseline (Turner et al., 2019). developed a deterministic model for telomere shortening of individual chromosomes. Biomolecules 10:6,873. doi: 10.3390/biom10060873, Salameh, Y., Bejaoui, Y., and El Hajj, N. (2020). Hemothelium, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, and atherosclerosis. Micronutrients with antioxidant properties can protect the telomeres from this damage. The advantages of TL in order to be a biomarker of aging include a correlation with chronological age throughout the entire life course, predictive power for the disease condition and mortality and also large responsiveness to either adverse or beneficial exposures (Hastings et al., 2017). Biochem. Modified terminal restriction fragment analysis for quantifying telomere length using in-gel hybridization. (2009). J. Med. Progressive shortening of telomeres leads to senescence, apoptosis, or oncogenic transformation of somatic cells, affecting the health and lifespan of an individual. The site is secure. -, Kong C. M., Lee X. W., Wang X., Telomere shortening in human diseases. Genetic mutations related to short TL have been found to lead to diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, dyskeratosis congenita, and also some other clinical conditions commonly grouped under the term telomere syndrome (El-Chemaly et al., 2018). Advances and challenges in geroscience research: an update. , Telomeres in the mouse have large inter-chromosomal variations in the number of T2AG3 repeats. doi: 10.1093/molehr/7.10.947, Xu, X., Hu, H., Lin, Y., Huang, F., Ji, H., Li, Y., et al. Leukocyte telomere length and epigenetic-based mortality risk score: associations with all-cause mortality among older adults. Exp. (1999). DNA methylation aging clocks: challenges and recommendations. The gestational dynamics of TL has been determined in few studies only, and results of these studies are contradictory. 52, 297302. 71, 10691073. Curr. Mol. doi: 10.1007/s11010-020-03929-x. However, while TL satisfactorily meets the criteria 3 and 4 of the American Federation for Aging Research due to an opportunity to a minimally invasive, repeated testing without harm to human subjects and a testability in both laboratory animals and humans, its compliance with the criteria 1 and 2 is rather questionable (Sanders and Newman, 2013). In this process, particular mutant cells receive a competitive advantage allowing their clonal expansion, a process referred to as clonal hematopoiesis (Evans et al., 2020). Telomere shortening is considered one of the hallmarks of aging as short telomeres are sufficient to cause organismal aging and decreased lifespan 15, 16, 17, 18 Telomere length is. Telomeres and the natural lifespan limit in humans. 245, 11151121. Telomere shortening is associated with aging, mortality, and aging-related diseases. (2008). 75, 463465. This time point is characterized by shortening (attrition) of particular telomeres to a critical size incompatible with their functioning, thereby resulting in cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Leukocyte telomere length vs. age is shown for males (blue or cyan) and females (green or red). Figure 9. Front. Among them, there are parameters characterizing aging-related processes such as genomic instability, cellular senescence, DNA methylation, proteostasis, and mitochondrial function (Jylhv et al., 2017; Ferrucci et al., 2020). In other words, those individuals who enter their adult life with either short or long telomeres are likely to have short or long telomeres, respectively, during the remaining lifetime. Climate warming is increasingly exposing wildlife to sublethal high temperatures, which may lead to chronic impacts and reduced fitness. Rep. 7:6785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05174-7, Ilmonen, P., Kotrschal, A., and Penn, D. J. BioMed Res. Endocrinol. Determinants of telomere length across human tissues. Sci. The continuum of aging and age-related diseases: common mechanisms but different rates. (2015), the heritability of LTL at baseline was estimated at 64%; the heritability of age-dependent LTL attrition rate was less (28%) but also significant. J. Int. Ageing Dev. The figure and its legend are reproduced from the article by Arai et al. (2018), both the initial TL and the life-course rate of telomere shortening are highly plastic and sensitive to early-life conditions. Cells 8:246. doi: 10.3390/cells8030246, Boccardi, M., and Boccardi, V. (2019). (2020). There is, however, some evidence that this could be not true for certain tissues (Thomas et al., 2008). A theory of marginotomy. -, Okuda K., et al. Correlation between skeletal muscle TL (MTL) and LTL. Epigenetics Chromatin 10:38. doi: 10.1186/s13072-017-0145-1, Verhulst, S., Aviv, A., Benetos, A., Berenson, G. S., and Kark, J. D. (2013). B 373:20160436. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0436, Banszerus, V. L., Vetter, V. M., Salewsky, B., Knig, M., and Demuth, I. 4) be testable in both laboratory animals and humans. Dynamics of telomere length and telomerase activity in the human fetal liver at 5-12 weeks of gestation. doi: 10.1126/science.aaz6876, Der, G., Batty, G. D., Benzeval, M., Deary, I. J., Green, M. J., McGlynn, L., et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045166, Dhabhar, F. S., Malarkey, W. B., Neri, E., and McEwen, B. S. (2012). Paediatr. Reprod. GeroScience doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00283-0. Click to reveal (C) At any given age, a wide range of telomere length was observed and the decline in telomere length with age in lymphocytes was more pronounced than in granulocytes. (2020). TL differs across tissues and correlates among tissue types. Leucocyte telomere length and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: new prospective cohort study and literature-based meta-analysis. National Library of Medicine (2017) distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0). Telomere length measurement-caveats and a critical assessment of the available technologies and tools. Robust measurement of telomere length in single cells. 9:2018. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018, Entringer, S., de Punder, K., Buss, C., and Wadhwa, P. D. (2018). doi: 10.18632/aging.100007, Evans, M. A., Sano, S., and Walsh, K. (2020). Sci. Psychoneuroendocrinology 104, 210218. 3) be subject to repeated tests without harming the individual. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.007, Vaiserman, A. M. (2018). Keywords: doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.06.018, Tedone, E., Huang, E., O'Hara, R., Batten, K., Ludlow, A. T., Lai, T. P., et al. Shalev, I., and Hastings, W. J. Telomere length and associated factors in older adults with hypertension. Exp. Analyses and comparisons of telomerase activity and telomere length in human T and B cells: insights for epidemiology of telomere maintenance. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.12.013, Bettin, N., Oss Pegorar, C., and Cusanelli, E. (2019). 12, 509519. Importantly, the frequency of short telomeres (<3 kbp) can be accurately evaluated with this method. Cancer link Telomere lengthening Takeaway What are telomeres? J. Psychiatry. Exp. In analyzing the potential role of this statistical artifact in age-dependent TL dynamics, Verhulst and co-authors revealed modest effect which, however, remained statistically significant even when correcting for the regression to the mean effect, indicating that high baseline TL is really associated with higher rate of age-related TL attrition (Verhulst et al., 2013). Possibility of developmental programming of initial TL and rate of age-related telomere erosion could be particularly important in the context of aging and aging-associated pathology. Rep. 6:22243. doi: 10.1038/srep22243, Zink, F., Stacey, S. N., Norddahl, G. L., Frigge, M. L., Magnusson, O. T., Jonsdottir, I., et al. The "flow-FISH" test, which stands for flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, specifically measures the telomere length in each cell within a patient's blood sample. Coll. In patients with coronary heart disease, TLs were found to be significantly shorter than that in controls; moreover, TL was inversely correlated with the severity of this disease (Xu et al., 2019). Sci. Here, we discuss the role of telomere shortening as a direct cause for aging and age-related diseases. Sci. PLoS ONE 10:e0133174. The size of critically short (uncapped) telomeres may be stabilized by telomerase, a reverse transcriptase enzyme that can elongate chromosome ends de novo. Ther. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002696, Aubert, G., Hills, M., and Lansdorp, P. M. (2012b). doi: 10.1038/newbio239197a0, Weng, N. P., Akbar, A. N., and Goronzy, J. and transmitted securely. Performance & security by Cloudflare. The rate of telomere sequence loss in human leukocytes varies with age. Med. In particular, it is assumed that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can result in a low birth weight and a high risk for metabolic disorders in adulthood, whereas fetal macrosomia and resulting high birth weight can predict an enhanced risk for cancers in adulthood (Vaiserman, 2018). Assessment of epigenetic clocks as biomarkers of aging in basic and population research. Epidemiol. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.014, de Pedro, N., Dez, M., Garca, I., Garca, J., Otero, L., Fernndez, L., et al. Association between telomere length and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201708092, Mons, U., Mezzinler, A., Schttker, B., Dieffenbach, A. K., Butterbach, K., Schick, M., et al. Their model shows good agreement with experimental data, predicting that the average telomere length decreases linearly over . Rev. Senescence in post-mitotic cells: a driver of aging? The figure and its legend are reproduced from the article by Li et al. 11, 576601. 20:249. doi: 10.1186/s13059-019-1824-y, Belsky, D. W., Moffitt, T. E., Cohen, A. Marital status, telomere length and cardiovascular disease risk in a Swedish prospective cohort. Int. A comprehensive overview of the most useful TL measurement methods can be found in the review by Lai et al. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(73)90198-7, Olovnikov, A. M. (1996). Sci. Genet. Chen, B. H., Carty, C. L., Kimura, M., Kark, J. D., Chen, W., Li, S., et al. Int. It remains far from clear whether correlations exist between TLs in leukocytes and in tissues with low proliferative activity, such as neurons (Mather et al., 2011). All BAs were correlated to varying degrees (B). 47, 356. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyx233, Martin-Ruiz, C. M., Gussekloo, J., van Heemst, D., von Zglinicki, T., and Westendorp, R. G. (2005). ( A ) The estimated, MeSH The present review is aimed at discussing diverging views and research findings regarding the usefulness of TL for estimating the human biological age. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 69.28.84.39 Among important factors affecting life-course TL dynamics, there are developmental experiences such as intrauterine unfavorable events (Entringer et al., 2018; Habibi et al., 2020), TL at birth (Gorenjak et al., 2020), as well as early life adversity (family's low socioeconomic status, childhood neglect or abuse, etc.) Int. Centenarians, (semi)supercentenarians, and centenarian offspring are shown in blue (males) or red (females), respectively. Comparison of telomere length measurement methods Phil. Telomere maintenance has emerged as a significant determinant of the ability of mitotic cells to continue proliferating . Exp. PLoS ONE 13:e0198373. A decrease in TL and telomerase activity throughout 611 weeks of human gestation was observed by Cheng et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184098, Daniali, L., Benetos, A., Susser, E., Kark, J. D., Labat, C., Kimura, M., et al. Trans. Med. doi: 10.1177/0300060516667132, Wang, Q., Zhan, Y., Pedersen, N. L., Fang, F., and Hgg, S. (2018). (2016). JAMA Netw. The associations between TL and mortality were, however, not consistent across studies. Leukocyte telomere length, T cell composition and DNA methylation age. doi: 10.1089/ars.2020.8048. Am. Such a telomeric brink can be likely reached, according to the authors, within the present-day life expectancy and, a fortiori, within the 100-years life expectancy (see Figure 3 for illustration). It is yet questionable whether LTL and DNA methylation change in tandem or contribute independently to the prediction of biological age. Hiam, D., Smith, C., Voisin, S., Denham, J., Yan, X., and Landen, S. (2020), Aerobic capacity telomere length in human skeletal muscle leukocytes across the lifespan. Would you like email updates of new search results? This is due to inability of DNA polymerase to completely replicate the 3 end of the DNA strand (a phenomenon commonly referred to as the end-replication problem) (Watson, 1972; Olovnikov, 1973). Association between genetically predicted telomere length and facial skin aging in the UK Biobank: a Mendelian randomization study. 8:e1002696. Rev. Zeichner, S. L., Palumbo, P., Feng, Y., Xiao, X., Gee, D., Sleasman, J., et al. eCollection 2023. 34, 270274. Moreover, the meta-analysis of all eligible studies performed by the authors (121,749 persons with 21,763 deaths in total) indicated that individuals with the shortest LTL quartile had 26% higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to those with the longest quartile, although substantial between-study heterogeneity has been revealed. Therefore, activation of telomerase is regarded by several authors as promising therapeutic modality in the treatment of degenerative aging disorders (Bernardes de Jesus and Blasco, 2011; Prieto-Oliveira, 2020). (2019). an analysis that corrects for 'regression to the mean'. (2016). Convincing evidence supporting differences in TL amongst human tissues has been provided in a more recent research by Demanelis et al. Unrelated participants younger than 100 years are indicated in cyan (males) or green (females). Adv. Aging 1, 8188. Biol. Shorter telomeres have been associated with increased incidence of diseases and poor survival. (2013). (2014), TL was studied in tissues obtained from deceased donors aged from 29 weeks to 88 years. Lab. Crit. . Prognostic role of telomere length in malignancies: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Comparative approaches to understanding the relation between aging and physical function. Telomere length and mortality in the ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study. Finally, age-associated rise in the prevalence of CHIP also provides supporting evidence. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.002, McHugh, D., and Gil, J. Effect of obesity on telomere length: systematic review and meta-analysis. Various models of telomere shortening in a population of independently replicating chromosomes have been proposed previously: Levy et al. (2002) study and from 7.0 to 11.6 kb in the Factor-Litvak et al. These cell subpopulations are characterized by shared unique DNA mutations which occur most commonly in the transcriptional regulators DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1 (Jaiswal and Libby, 2020). (2020). 8:164. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00164, Hastings, W. J., Shalev, I., and Belsky, D. W. (2019). (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.07.004, Hastings, W. J., Shalev, I., and Belsky, D. W. (2017). Summarizing the results of these studies, it can be stated that the validity of LTL as a single measure of aging rate and as a prognostic tool in clinical settings remain questionable. 7:3,E29. doi: 10.1126/science.aan4673, Jaiswal, S., and Libby, P. (2020). Trans. Ageing Dev. Therefore, development of effective tools for slowing down the aging rate is currently a priority agenda for research organizations and for health policy makers across countries (Yabluchanskiy et al., 2018). Progr. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa021, Levstek, T., Kozjek, E., Dolan, V., and Trebuak Podkrajek, K. (2020). Genes 7:58. doi: 10.3390/genes7090058, Yuan, X., Kronstrm, M., Hellenius, M. L., Cederholm, T., Xu, D., and Sjgren, P. (2018). Biol. life span; species; telomere. Telomeres and longevity: a cause or an effect? However, this link was investigated with a longitudinal design in few studies only. Using a Luminex-based assay, TL was measured in DNA samples from >25 different human tissue types from 952 deceased donors in the GTEx project. Telomere shortening to a critical length can trigger aging and shorter life spans in mice and humans by a mechanism that involves induction of a persistent DNA damage response at chromosome ends and loss of cellular viability. Cell. (2015). (Lin et al., 2019). Gerontol. The horizontal dashed lines in the top panels and vertical dashed lines in the bottom panels indicate LTL values of 5 kb. The figure and its legend are reproduced from the article by Hiam et al. Emerging epigenetic dynamics in gut-microglia brain axis: experimental and clinical implications for accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia. (2019). Telomere shortening to a critical length can trigger aging and . 187, 12201230. Mol Ecol. J. Gerontol. 10:624. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00624, Tomita, K. (2018). 6:82. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00082, Krasnienkov, D. S., Khalangot, M. D., Kravchenko, V. I., Kovtun, V. A., Guryanov, V. G., Chizhova, V. P., et al. Maintaining telomere length plays a crucial role in regulating cellular life span. 106, 1620. In this context, it should be noted, however, that TL is not the only unique indicator of mitotic aging. doi: 10.1007/s10654-013-9845-4, Vetter, V. M., Meyer, A., Karbasiyan, M., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Hopfenmller, W., and Demuth, I. Genet. Thus, each of such arising subpopulations is clonally derived from a single founder progenitor cell, thereby representing a genetic clone of this founder. Show NutritionFacts.org Video Podcast, Ep What to Eat to Prevent Telomere Shortening - Jul 19, 2023 Int. Living longer, with or without disability? Sci. The figure and its legend are reproduced from the article by Aunan et al. This complex, together with proteins involved in chromatin remodeling, shapes the telomere structure thereby protecting chromosome ends (Tomita, 2018). doi: 10.1093/aje/kww210, Montpetit, A. J., Alhareeri, A.
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