traffic congestion in rio de janeiro

c Tag clouds with the most frequent words in the users comments in different regions. However, what is clear is that both Rio and So Paulo suffer from crippling levels of traffic congestion, and that this is a major problem for both cities. Rio de janeiro - Challenges and solutions, Traffic: One of the most congested cities in South America. This section describes two experiments we performed to evaluate the results of TST-clustering. As a general rule, cars get into Rio in the morning and leave Rio in the end of the afternoon. NYC Open Datahttp://nycopendata.socrata.com. Gonalves, G.L. Comput. They use a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to predict bottlenecks and propose a visualization system to explore vehicle flow and jams through the road network. IEEE Trans. We use these categories in our TST-clustering algorithm to better classify the alerts according to space and time. Notice that starting from 3pm (on April 9) till the end of the day, the road had no traffic jams. An immediate future work would be to adapt our algorithm to process data streams and capture evolving spatio-temporal patterns of Waze alerts. [33] divide the spatial region with a rectangular grid naming each grid cell with a unique id. The main interface (shown in Fig. A new study released by the Industry Federation of the State of Rio de Janeiro confirms that traffic congestion has tremendous economic costs as well. In addition, this work proposes TST-clustering (i.e., type-spatial-temporal clustering), an adaptation of the ST-DBScan algorithm (spatial-temporal DBScan) [9] that clusters alerts by space, time, and type to organize and effectively explore alert patterns. As a result of this, many large favelas have sprouted. In this class, many works focus on developing tools for the analysis of mobility and traffic data. Proposing techniques and systems to support mobility data visual analysis has been a trending research topic recently. Ships are fined for discharging fuel into the bay illegally. To accelerate queries for average values for the different attributes of traffic jams, we pre-compute and store accumulated sums over time. The European Physical Journal Special Topics There are almost four hundred and forty municipal bus lines serving over four million passengers. Solution: Pacifying Police Units were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers. This comment corresponds to the floods that occurred in the city due to heavy rains.Footnote 4. Info trafic. This section describes the Waze dataset used in this work and the pre-processing steps. Among the functionalities, we have the detection of events and the identification of the cause of these events. We use the ST-HeatMap view to visualize the resulting clusters. Para Salvador e Recife, duas cidades que esto, respectivamente, em 28 e 43 lugar no ranking mundial, as notcias so positivas, pois houve uma leve diminuio de trfego congestionado nesses locais. Dubai and Abu Dhabi rank 230th and 399th, respectively, in the TomTom Traffic Index 2020, which is based on traffic data. To make it easier to see the correspondence between the segments in this view and the Map View, we place indicators at the beginning, middle, and end segments (see red, orange, and blue pins with letters A, B, and C, respectively) In addition, when the user selects a cell in this view (e.g., segment $S_1$ at time $T_1$ in Fig. This is a common strategy used for speeding-up spatiotemporal aggregations [28]. steep mountains mean roads can only be built on coast low land. Comput. The comment field is often a short text, and in most cases, it is empty. Vaz DeMelo, A.C. Viana, J.M. Segundo Ralf-Peter Schaefer, vice-presidente da TomTom Traffic, o objetivo do relatrio auxiliar motoristas, cidades e planejadores do transporte urbano a entenderem as tendncias dos congestionamentos. [10] and Mehdizadeh et al. Waste pollution: The worst waste issues are in the favellas. c Sort groups in heatmap according to the Hilbert position. Streets have minimal access so waste management vehicles cannot reach to waste. Services for pregnant women are very limited, especially in the west zone. Springer (2008), D. Birant, A. Kut, St-dbscan: an algorithm for clustering spatial-temporal data. For example, for all cases where the distance is 200ms ($D=200$, first row), the dark blue group is small, but when varying the distance to 300ms ($D=300$), it grows, and the pink group disappears, this is because both groups are of the same type and occur at the same time. Between 12 noon and 3 pm are the hours with less traffic. d Scale the vertical axis of the heatmap to the size (number of points) of the Hilbert curve. In our experiment, we divide the city of Rio de Janeiro with a regular grid where each cell is a square of side 800ms. Jams and Alerts reported by Waze users. 87(2), 28 (2017), A. Prez-Espinosa, A.L. Additionally, approximately 8,800 buses and municipal vehicles are monitored via GPS to track traffic and provide rapid response to traffic incidents. In the highlighted area of (a), we see several blue points, which implies that they belong to the same topic (found by LDA). 2(left), we can see the average traffic level color-coded on the road network (from light yellowfree flow to dark redblocked). The plot at the top also shows the average traffic level of a segment, road, or region selected on Map View (using multiple lines with different colors). Press. 309318. 20(12), 26342643 (2014), P. Valdivia, F. Dias, F. Petronetto, C.T. Syst. 221226. For example, some works use some variant of the DBScan algorithm, a widely used algorithm for clustering data with spatial attributes based on density. The HeatMap View in Fig. 1(3) (2020). 226231. 3b shows that the group centroids ($C_1,C_2,C_3,C_4,C_5$) are indexed to points $(P_1, P_2, P_3,P_4,P_5)$ of the Hilbert Curve ($P_3$ and $P_4$ are the same points). The city has a population of over 12 million people and is one of the most populous cities in Brazil. Our system currently relies on a pre-processing stage to prepare the data. In addition to spatial information, this technique uses temporal information to create the clusters; they apply this approach to group trips and detect patterns in bike-sharing data. According to TomTom, the average travel time has increased by 5 minutes per day in the past year. The famous street carnival parties, called blocos, are parades organized by local groups that can last several hours and produce traffic jams in different city regions. Water Pollution: High pollution levels have caused the decline in commercial fishing by 90% in the last 20 years. Locals tapping into electric supplies Economic opportunities in Rio de Janeiro As Rio is one of Brazil's most important industrial cities considerable economic growth has occurred. Most of the work has been improving the quality and quantity of water in the favelas and Olympic park. Bangladesh receives the best deal, with only 0.02 days of traffic per year sitting in traffic less than half an hour! Bangalore is ranked sixth in the world, while Delhi is ranked eighth in the world, both of which are among 416 cities. The main reason for the different traffic behaviors in the two directions of the Epitacio Pessoa Ave. is that they follow different lanes which are located in a non-flat terrain. 511. Lee et al. Like other popular vehicle-based traffic data such as taxi data, these applications transform their users vehicles into moving city sensors. The study found that congestion cost the cities of Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo R$ 98 billion (roughly USD 43 billion) in 2013 alone. Similar to the time view, this view also allows us to filter a continuous period, and the information in the other views changes according to the selected period (T2). Vis. This pattern is related to the reports of pot-holes in the roads. [15] in the sense that we use a space-filling curve to sort the geographical space linearly. In this comparison, we use alerts registered in Rio de Janeiro on March 2, 2019. The third pattern on our heatmap (3) is similar to the one described in Fig. Rochina is a slum in Rio de Janeiro, where tens of thousands of people live on one hill. Knowing the cause of traffic jams is very important for domain experts because it provides an efficient way to monitor traffic, infrastructure, and events that affect traffic conditions and city life. Traffic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Compare Rio de Janeiro with: In this city, we estimate that each passenger produces approximately 1,429.80kg of CO 2 annually as a result of commuting to work or school. This has led to fires. Sensors 20(4), 1107 (2020), Article In addition, MinPts was set to 1, since in our case, there are isolated alerts that would be classified as outliers if we increase this parameter. However, given suggestions from our domain experts, we are currently working on strategies to remove this limitation. Relatrio anual com informaes detalhadas sobre as cidades com os maiores congestionamentos do mundo, produzido pela empresa holandesa TomTom e divulgado nesta tera-feira (21), revela que a cidade do Rio de Janeiro , no Brasil, a que mais deixa o motorista parado no trnsito. This paper proposes JamVis, a visual analytics framework that leverages Wazes multi-modal traffic data. As a result, the city has a high rate of natural increase due to the high birth rate and relatively low death rate. To deal with this constraint, many works perform a semantic analysis by considering textual data, e.g., geo-located social media data (e.g., Twitter and Facebook), to infer the causes of traffic jams. Transp. Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents. Analysis of Av. In the past, most of the journeys in Rio were taken by bus or private. For example, Kosala and Adi [2] present a system that shows tweets related to traffic according to the users region selection. 22(1), 160169 (2016), D. Chu, D.A. The second one shows a sensitivity analysis of the distance and time parameters required by our algorithm. 1, we can see two alerts: the first one is a crash, which has comments "moto:-(" and "accident"; the second one is a road closed with a comment "maintenance". Comput. (ii) JamVis, a visual analytical system that allows the exploration and analysis of multi-modal traffic jam data alongside a novel visualization called ST-Heatmap. Vo, J. Freire, C.T. We provide a complete list of types and subtypes in Appendix A Table1. Education issue: Education in Brazil is compulsory for children aged 6-14 years. https://infovis-wiki.net/wiki/Focus-plus-Context. Due to this, many roads showed unusual traffic behavior. We have two main contributions in this work: First, the TST-clustering algorithm is an adaptation of the ST-DBScan algorithm to identify events clustering alerts by space, time, and type. Eng. Due to the importance of this problem, many citiesFootnote 1$^{,}$Footnote 2 acquire and publish traffic data from different sources such as road sensors. In fact, they are one of the leading causes of death in the city. Drivers in Rio de Janeiro were facing gridlock as the dedicated Olympic Lanes came into use across the city . Comput. The rush hour time in Rio de Janeiro is from 8 to 10 a.m. and from 4 to 8 p.m on weekdays. ViaMichelin vous propose des informations en temps rel sur l'info trafic Rio de Janeiro: accidents, bouchons, routes fermes Rio de Janeiro. A power plant has been built using methane from rotting rubbish, it consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes. TomTom Origin Destination Analysis studies anonymized Floating Car Data from 600+ million connected devices to give you the authoritative view of whats happening on the road. Forum 32, 451460 (2013), F. Wang, W. Chen, F. Wu, Y.Zhao, H. Hong, T. Gu, L. Wang, R. Liang, H. Bao, A visual reasoning approach for data-driven transport assessment on urban roads, in 2014 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST), pp. Paes will join other city leaders and experts from EMBARQ, WRIs sustainable mobility initiative, for a Mayors Summit on September 9, 2015, and the International Congress on Cities and Transport conference from September 10-11, 2015 to help spread information about best practices and inspire mayoral leadership across the globe. At 5:30 am on February 22, 1901, the iron-hulled City of Rio de Janeiro, enveloped in fog, hit the rocks of Fort Point just within the Golden Gate. These usage scenarios show that our approach enables novel traffic congestion data exploration and their causes to uncover problems. Davis, F.M. The celebration happens every year and lasts one week. Graph. Na Transolmpica, o volume de carros de 4% a mais do que em fevereiro de 2020. The need for pre-processing prevents our JamVis from being readily available for real-time analysis. How much additional time was spent in the car during rush hour in Rio de Janeiro? The second usage scenario examines the behavior of traffic jams on two different roads. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2865049, G. Sun, R. Liang, Q. Huamin, W. Yingcai, Embedding spatio-temporal information into maps by route-zooming. Furthermore, these events have a long duration since they are infrastructure problems not immediately solved by the local authorities. The first is the citys geography. He will observe a general pattern of the distribution of events in the city, which will be maintained by varying these parameters. A inteno da prefeitura era desafogar o trnsito, mas com a chegada da pandemia s os trabalhadores essenciais rodavam pela cidade, e as restries dos caminhes foram suspensas. 3, we represent each group as a rectangle (based on the number of alerts and the maximum and minimum time of the alerts). While the city will likely continue to face significant infrastructural and social challenges for years to come, its encouraging to see Rios leadership taking action on several fronts. Andrienko et al. Which city has the lowest traffic density? In JamVis, we use the citys road network as the base of our visualization. Both the Waze data and the road network are the input of the following pre-processing steps: We perform a map-matching process. Our work uses a more flexible approach because we have multi-modal data. Alta segue tendncia global de redescoberta da planta para tratar sintomas de condies como epilepsia, Parkinson e depresso. Although this problem did not affect our analysis, we plan to use supervised learning algorithms that will allow us to distinguish this type of comment. But Rios transport system may be starting to switch gears. Besides, each network edge represents a road segment (from now on segment, for short) that connects two intersections. Finally, the blue event (4) presents left to right displacement on the temporal axis, suggesting the geographical movement (d). It is not unusual to see traffic jam around 7 am, or even earlier, which can extend until 11 am, or later. Traffic: One of the most congested cities in South America. To demonstrate the effectiveness of TST-clustering, we compare it against other methods previously used to find patterns in mobility/traffic data: DBScan, ST-DBScan, and three variants of LDA described in the following. 5km of new sewage pipes have been installed around the badly populated areas. Traffic index ranking. How much does a taxi cost and take from GIG airport to Christ Redeemer. Prova disso foram os quase 140 quilmetros de congestionamentos por toda a cidade no dia 7 de maro. Traffic Congestion in Rio De Janeiro. Many works have used pattern extraction techniques to extract traffic data patterns and better support interactive visual analysis. [25] detect congestions and propagations and use this information to predict and, therefore, monitor congestions. Known for its beautiful natural landscapes, Christ the Redeemer statue and Copacabana beach, Rio de Janeiro is an iconic city. The HeatMap view aims to visualize and compare the congestion level in a road (set of segments) in a given period. In Fig. For 13 years, the capital of Portugal was not in Lisbon but Rio de Janeiro. The congestion in Rio de Janeiro is partly. These steps have the potential to influence other city leaders in Brazil, Latin America and beyond. In contrast, traffic alerts mode (b) will enable us to explore and identify events detected through alerts reported by Waze users. Traffic jams are a significant problem in urban cities that cause pollution and waste fuel, money, and time. volume231,pages 16731687 (2022)Cite this article. Relatrio anual com informaes detalhadas sobre as cidades com os maiores congestionamentos do mundo, produzido pela empresa holandesa TomTom e divulgado nesta tera-feira (21), revela que a cidade do Rio de Janeiro , no Brasil, a que mais deixa o motorista parado no trnsito. Here, there are two types of alerts (crash and road closed) displaying users comments. Each type has multiple subtypes; for instance, an accident has two subtypes: major and minor accidents. Graph. JamVis comprises two main components designed based on requirements elicited from domain experts. In 2015, the city will increase its bike share program from 60 to 260 stations, adding 2,600 new bikes. Finally, the last pattern (4) is related to traffic jams. One of the main challenges in visual analytics of spatio-temporal data is to support pattern discovery. Access the tips, advice, and travel information that will make a whole lot of difference during your stay: readMy Rio Travel Guide The Essential How-To Visitors Guide to Rio de Janeiro. Graph. IEEE (2012), T.H. 5, we can see the results for these combinations. No ranking global de cidades onde os motoristas passam mais tempo no trnsito, feito anualmente por empresa holandesa, a capital carioca surge em 8 lugar, Fonte: Tom Tom (assessoria) d Traffic jams events: spatial displacement over time. We now focus on the opposite direction (from C to A). The average speed of traffic in the city is just 7.5 kilometers per hour. Brazil's Rio de Janeiro is the most congested city in the Americas, but officials are working hard to improve its transport system before the country hosts the 2014 FIFA World Cup. More clearly, we devise a method that identifies semantically meaningful spatio-temporal traffic events. 6e shows that the original comments registered in these segments are related to floods. Fan, Visual analysis of traffic data based on topic modeling (Chinavis 2017). To solve this, we used a heatmap-like metaphor described in the following. Furthermore, to provide an overview of this algorithms spatio-temporal results, we introduce a novel visualization called ST-Heatmap. Traffic in Rio de Janeiro is a nightmare. over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours into the bay each day. Data Knowl. Figure6e depicts the resulting (blue) segments. For each group, we store the number of alert records. Figure3f shows an illustration of the final design. Nenhum comentrio at o momento. However, exploring these large complex data presents a challenge to domain experts. Waze data are composed of two parts: traffic jams and alerts. e Eliminate vertical gaps. 4, we can see the results by clustering the alerts with these methods; we encode each group using the color. This index is represented on a scale of 0-10 where 0 is least congested and 10 is most congested. Reducing Traffic Congestion in MEDCs In developed countries, cities have tried to manage this problem by introducing traffic management schemes. Notice that the big group is divided into two smaller groups (green and blue) because they belong to two regions. 3d). 1317 (2018), G. Wills, Linked data views, in Handbook of data visualization, pp. [17] show a visual analytics system for finding traffic flow patterns at a road intersection. E explicou como: "Mesmo se apenas 5% de ns alterssemos os nossos planos de viagem, o tempo de deslocamento nas nossas principais autoestradas seria reduzido em at 30%. Lets take a look at a few of the ways in which Rio and Mayor Eduardo Paes (who is also chair of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Alliance) are building sustainable urban solutions that can inspire. First, we focus on Epitacio Pessoa avenue and select both directions of the road (from A to C and from C to A) in our Map View (Fig. In more detail, this modified version first retrieves the set X of all points within a temporal interval of amplitude $\varepsilon _t$ centered at the timestamp of p and, among the points in X, returns all points within (spatial) distance $\varepsilon _s$ from p. One important fact to notice is that different events that affect traffic can happen nearby in space and time. As shown in Fig. Day traffic congestion on Rio de Janeiro street $79.00 Purchase this HD royalty free stock video footage clip and contact us for 4K UHD inquiries. IEEE Trans. Solution: Reduce unemployment using education strategies such as re-education of adults to reduce the informal sector. Springer (2013), M. Pack, N. Ivanov, Are you gonna go my Waze? Vis. In Fig. Urban Syst. This paper proposes JamVis, a web-based visual analytics framework that leverages Wazes multi-modal spatio-temporal data to this end. 2a, we visualize the average traffic level for Rio de Janeiro (blue line) at the bottom line chart. Finally, Fig. 2a shows the Av. In general, we can see that the groups are maintained in all cases. New York City, Rio de Janeiro, and Buenos Aires are on the Atlantic Ocean, (24) _____ San Francisco, Tokyo, and Santiago are on the Pacific Ocean. Add to cart SKU: vSPhTWh3AkI. Rio de Janeiro continua sendo a cidade mais congestionada do Brasil. (iii) Three usage scenarios showing an analysis of congestion in Rio de Janeiro. The authors acknowledge the financial support by Getulio Vargas Foundation and Concytec Project World Bank Improvement and Expansion of Services of the National System of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation 8682-PE, through its executing unit ProCiencia for the project Data Science in Education: Analysis of large-scale data using computational methods to detect and prevent problems of violence and desertion in educational settings [Grant 028-2019-FONDECYT-BM-INC.INV]. Finally, in Algorithm3 we can see our proposed algorithm. Not sure where to find something? [14] propose visual querying capabilities that enable analysts to specify complex queries easily and filter the data interactively. On the other hand, if the neighborhood of p is large enough, then the clustering process starts, using the ExpandCluster procedure. 8c) during a prolonged period. O RJ2 questionou a Secretaria Municipal de Transportes e pra CET-Rio se o decreto com as restries vai voltar a valer, mas no obteve resposta. [22] use a variation of DBScan called ST-DBScan [9]. Help WRI turn research 6b, we can notice two intervals where the value of the traffic level was irregular (1 and 2). 3c. Mas no s uma marca extrema de um dia atpico. Our algorithm modifies retrieveNeighbors procedure of the ST-DBScan and incorporates the type attribute. So Paulo has an excellent and efficient Metro and Overground train system. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. IEEE Trans. B. C. SELBY and others published CONGESTION, URBAN TRANSPORT, THE FORMAL SECTOR AND INFORMAL ACTORS: KINGSTON, JAMAICA, AND RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL | Find . Results produced by this algorithm are represented in a novel visualization called ST-Heatmap that is introduced in this work. The city is notorious for its congested streets and lack of public transportation options. Mas no s uma marca extrema de um dia atpico. Sheets, Y.Zhao, Y. Wu, J. Yang, M. Zheng, G. Chen, Visualizing hidden themes of taxi movement with semantic transformation, in 2014 IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium, pp. [23] detect traffic jams using a threshold in vehicle speed and clustering it by space and time. WRI relies on the generosity of donors like you to turn research into action. into action and scale Request PDF | On Sep 3, 2019, TERRIANNA O. 1, we can see multiple jams reported by Waze. Using the Time View to selected the first period (Carnival period), we can see in Fig. number of cars have increased by over 40%. _____ near oceans, rivers, or lakes. However, the number of alerts is constant throughout time, and we can see that they are registered in the same positions. Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in the many of the favelas. This has led to a frustratingly slow pace of life for residents. It is worth mentioning that Waze defines a traffic congestion level as a jam level (0 = free flow, 1 = Low, 2 = Medium, 3 = High, 4 = Very High, 5 = closed), so we decided to keep it. Inst. Comput. Solution: Higher energy production is needed, with 60km of new power lines. As we can see in Fig. Unemployment: 2015 recession caused further unemployment. RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL - A study by Dutch transport technology company TomTom has revealed that Rio de Janeiro has the third worst traffic in the world for the second time in a row. Hence, the words corresponding to the grid cell ID have higher importance, in general, than the original words from the comment. At what points did we use the most fuel and emit the most CO2? In T3, (from 9am on April 8 to 9am on the following day), the traffic jams were more intense in the last segments (close to the A point) until 6pm, when rains started, and all the segments became congested. only half the children continue their education from 14 and beyond. Education programmes to increase employ ability are in place, Informal sector issue: Unemployment causes the creation of other jobs that are not taxed. We inspire our design on the MotionRugs technique proposed by Buchmller et al. e Blue segments correspond to segments where users reported flooding. High crime levels mean that man people travel by car, Expansion of metro system under Guananbara Bay, to South Zone and Barra da Tijuc. A countrys average number of miles traveled per day is lower than the UKs. We describe these data attributes in the following. Alerts are notifications related to traffic reported by Waze users. In addition, we can see that three of them occurred on March 3 between 8 pm and 9 pm. The citys port, which is just a short distance from the city center, is the ideal location for international trade and shipping. The parties are all over the country, but most famously in Rio de Janeiro. 1 we can see that the red jam corresponds to the blue segment. Environ. Another common strategy is the use of clustering algorithms to extract mobility patterns. The control center allows the city to respond more effectively to natural hazards, accidents and other events in order to keep citizens safe. Comput. Traffic jams can be analyzed using three types of selection (chosen in the control panel): segment, road, and region selection. A short video looking at environmental challenges and solutions n Rio de Janeiro - AQA GCSE Geography Unit 2A. A new study released by the Industry Federation of the State of Rio de Janeiro ( FIRJAN) confirms that traffic congestion has tremendous economic costs as well. As part of this collaboration, we had a series of meetings with two traffic engineers interested in using Wazes data to monitor and explore traffic patterns in different cities. As a result, events that occur in nearby spaces ($E_1$ and $E_2$) are in a close (vertical) position ($P_3$ and $P_4$); and events in the same space ($E_3$ and $E_4$) are in the same (vertical) position ($P_3$ and $P_4$) in the heatmap. The ST-DBScan algorithm is oblivious to this fact and might cluster together these events. It is also the financial capital of the country. O relatrio avaliou a situao de congestionamento em 390 cidades de 48 pases em 6 continentes de Roma ao Rio de Janeiro, de Cingapura a So Francisco. Comput. The investment includes bikeways, bike paths, shared streetspace with cars and pedestrians and bike-parking infrastructure. The Russian capital had a congestion rate of 54 percent, ranking first among all the cities studied. In more detail, for each time step and segment, we store the sum of the values of each attribute from timestamp 0 to timestamp t. To calculate the mean value of an attribute (e.g., level) of a segment s in a continuous-time interval $[t_i, t_j\rangle $ we use the following equation: ${\overline{\mathrm{level}}}_{(s,[t_i,t_j\rangle )} = (\sum _{t=0}^{t_j} \mathrm{level}(s,t) - \sum _{t=0}^{t_i} \mathrm{level}(s,t) ) / (t_j-t_i)$, where the sums in this formula are the pre-computed terms. When riding the metro, always take extra care of your belongings. This technique leverages a linear sorting of the alerts geographical coordinates using a space-filling curve to construct representations of the alerts like a Gantt chart. For instance, In Fig. Looking at Fig. b We index group centroids to corners of the Hilbert curve. Solution: Encouraging local people to volunteer to help in schools.