eli whitney family tree

Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, May 3 1740 - Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States, Aug 25 1807 - Westborough, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States, Nathaniel Whitney, Mary Whitney (born Child), itney, Oliver Whitney, Mary Whitney, Nathaniel Whitney, Annah Forbush (born Whitney), Amos Whitney, Lucy Whitney, Love Whitney, Lois Whitney, Aug 25 1807 - Westborough, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States, Unnamed Father Whitney, Eli Whitney, Jr, Elizabeth Fay Elizabeth Blake, Ephraim Whitney, Lucy Harrington, Anna Forbush, Mary Bradish, May 3 1741 - Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, USA, Aug 12 1807 - Westborough, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, May 3 1741 - Westborough, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States of America, Aug 25 1807 - Westborough, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States of America, Eli Whitney, Elizabeth Fay Blake, Benjamin Whitney, Josiah Whitney, y, Oliver Whitney, Mary Whitney, Nathaniel Whitney, Annah Whitney, Amos Whitney, Lucy Whitney, Love Whitney, Lois Chamberlain (born Whitney), https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22578235/ephraim-whitney, Watertown, Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts, (Present USA), Westborough, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States, Westborough, Worcester County, Massachusetts Bay Colony, (present USA), Westboro, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States, To enable the proper functioning and security of the website, we collect information via cookies as specified in our. Factories still use these methods, called mass production, today. The Whitney Genealogy and Family Tree Page Arms making was a highly competitive business by the 1840s, and success required both technological efficiency and sure entrepreneurial instincts. "Mr. Barney's Career. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Eli Whitney, Jr., the only son of inventor Eli and his wife Henrietta Edwards Whitney was born on November 20, 1820. He not only became wealthy but the country's foremost arms supplier. They pioneered the architectural hardware business in New Haven, with their invention of the mortise lock. At a time when English mills were hungry for cotton, the South exported a small amount of the black-seed long-staple variety. Research devoted solely to this person has either not yet taken place . [9] Southern cotton found ready markets in Europe and in the burgeoning textile mills of New England. James Darby is the father of Eleazer who married Anna Doubledee or Doubleday. They were the witnesses at the inauguration of the American system of mass production. While this enterprise addressed the city's need for water, it also enabled Whitney to increase the amount of power available for his manufacturing operations at the expense of the water company's stockholders. Prominent All His Life in Finance, Art, and Realty Operations", Almeric Hugh Paget, 1st Baron Queenborough, Association of Junior Leagues International, National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame, National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, "The cotton gin: A game-changing social and economic invention", "Racing Proud of Whitney Heritage: Three Generations of Family Prominent on American Scene; Among Founders of Jockey Club, Campaigned Abroad; Owned Two Derby Winners", "Birth of the Paper Giant | Great Northern Paper", "Glen Cove's multi-talented Clarissa Watson dies in France", "Greentree Foundation maintains community roots with grants - The Island Now", "JOHN HAY WHITNEY DIES AT 77; PUBLISHER LED IN MANY FIELDS", "Marylou Whitney, Social Queen of the Racing World, Dies at 93", July 25, 2008 Bloodhorse.com article titled "The Whitney Handicap: a look at a treasured American family", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney_family&oldid=1161020772, This page was last edited on 20 June 2023, at 03:38. This activity rendered a healthy profit of nearly 25%. But more than 10 years passed before Whitney delivered his 10,000 muskets. 1867) Eli Whitney Born 31 Jul 1797 in Shandaken, Ulster Co., New York, United States Son of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] [sibling (s) unknown] Husband of Cathrina (Longyear) Whitney married 21 Jan 1821 [location unknown] Descendants 10 Jan Oschei wit/, "Chronological Development of the New Haven Water Company" (unpublished manuscript in the files of the South Central Regional Water Authority, New Haven), pp. David Whitney. The family tree for Eli Whitney should not be considered exhaustive or authoritative. Brother of Streator Whitney; Lurancy Whitney; Truman Whitney and Orange G Whitney, Jr. Half brother of Buel WHITNEY; Elizabeth G Poe; Lauracia Barrett and Louisa WHITNEY. He designed machine tools by which an unskilled workman made only a particular part that conformed precisely, as precision was then measured, to a model. Whitney received a patent (later numbered as X72) for his cotton gin on March 14, 1794; however, it was not validated until 1807. He constantly had to plead for time while struggling against unforeseen obstacles, such as epidemics and delays in supplies, to create a new system of production. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Whitney & Company and Freeport-McMoran. Harriet Hattie Barnes Whitney 1863 - 1949 . He was a capitalist entrepreneur an economic adventurer who sought profits wherever they could be made. Some eighteen buildings in the complex have been destroyed. Eli Whitney, III (1820 - 1895) - Genealogy - Geni.com Battison, Edwin. "John H. Hall, Simeon North, and the Milling Machine: The Nature of Innovation among Antebellum Arms Makers." Whitney died at age 59 of prostate cancer on January 8, 1825, in New Haven, Connecticut, leaving a widow and four children. "Eli Whitney and the Milling Machine." He was a major stockholder in the Water Company, having subscribed a quarter of a million dollars worth of its stock in 1860.13 The company's capital had enabled him to vastly increase the power supply for the Armory, which permitted him to close the old pistol factory and consolidate all operations on a single site.14 The water supply, moreover, greatly enhanced the value of the enormous tracts of real estate which he held on both the Hamden and New Haven sides of Whitney Avenue - areas which, with the passage of years after 1860, would see substantial residential development.15 Ultimately, Whitney's business interests became sufficiently diversified to detach him completely from the gun business. Working under contract to inventor Samuel Colt, the younger Whitney manufactured the famous "Whitneyville Walker Colts" for the Texas Rangers. The cotton gin was a wooden drum stuck with hooks which pulled the cotton fibers through a mesh. His mother died when he was eleven. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He continued making arms and inventing until his death in 1825. Eli Whitney developed the manufacturing village for 25 years until his death. Eli Whitney Was Born Eli Whitney, the son of a well-off farmer, Eli Whitney Sr. and his wife, Elizabeth Fay in Westborough, MA. [3] One oft-overlooked point is that there were drawbacks to Whitney's first design. But with the invention of the gin, growing cotton with slave labor became highly profitable the chief source of wealth in the American South, and the basis of frontier settlement from Georgia to Texas. He repaired tools and constructed many everyday useful implements. His 1817 marriage to Henrietta Edwards, granddaughter of the famed evangelist Jonathan Edwards, daughter of Pierpont Edwards, head of the Democratic Party in Connecticut, and first cousin of Yale's president, Timothy Dwight, the state's leading Federalist, further tied him to Connecticut's ruling elite. Beginning with William Collins Whitney, members of the Whitney family would become major figures for more than a century in the breeding and racing of Thoroughbred horses.[5][6]. And more efficient methods of production, based both on the elder Whitney's work and on that of his successors in the organization of the industrial process, were being adopted. Thomas & Frances are the Parents of Lucius Darby & Grandparents of Clarence Darby. Eli Whitney has often been incorrectly credited with inventing the idea of interchangeable parts, which he championed for years as a maker of muskets; however, the idea predated Whitney, and Whitney's role in it was one of promotion and popularizing, not invention. The Family | The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop Whitney and his partner, Miller, did not intend to sell the gins. Eli Whitney Family Tree You Should Check It - FamilyTreeX An error has occured while loading the map. Eli Whitney was born on December 8, 1765, in Westboro, Massachusetts. Corrections? The sum of such parts was a musket. Paradoxically, the cotton gin, a labor-saving device, helped preserve slavery in the U.S. Before the 1790s, slave labor was primarily employed in growing rice, tobacco, and indigo, none of which were especially profitable any more. [3] This caused the demand for slaves to increase rapidly, Slaves were a profitable investment before the cotton gin and an even more profitable investment after its invention law professor Paul Finkleman argued in the Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities. While the cotton gin did not earn Whitney the fortune he had hoped for, it did give him fame. By the late 1790s, Whitney was on the verge of bankruptcy and the cotton gin litigation had left him deeply in debt. separate the short staple upland cotton from its seeds, work that was then done by hand at the rate of a pound of lint a day. Inventor. Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Library of American Biography series. He inspired others, including Honor Blanc and Louis de Tousard, to work further on the idea, and on shoulder weapons as well as artillery. Despite his humble origins, Whitney was keenly aware of the value of social and political connections. The roller gin was the first cotton gin. Exact. . She was his first wife. Brother of Elizabeth Fay Blake; Benjamin Whitney; Josiah Whitney and Unknown Whitney. At age twelve, Eli displayed a look into his future. Her plantation manager and husband-to-be was Phineas Miller, another Connecticut migrant and Yale graduate (class of 1785), who would become Whitney's business partner. Ultimately, patent infringement lawsuits consumed the profits and their cotton gin company went out of business in 1797. September 15, 1890 (70) Winthrop, Buchanan County, IA, United States. The Whitney family is an American family notable for their business enterprises, social prominence, wealth and philanthropy, founded by John Whitney (1592-1673), who came from London, England to Watertown, Massachusetts in 1635. He died Jan 8, 1825. The cotton gin is a mechanical device which removes the seeds from cotton, a process which had been extremely labor intensive. It had been neglected during its later management by the trustees of the Whitney estate. Cotton exports from the U.S. boomed after the cotton gin's appearance from less than 500,000 pounds (230,000kg) in 1793 to 93million pounds (42,000,000kg) by 1810. (The machine that excited Roe may not have been built until 1825, after Whitney's death.) Also includes family tree and ancestor charts showing the family relationships of Eli Whitney to many famous kin. The hazards of this situation soon became evident. As one of his biographers summarized his character during his last years, he was an ardent patriot in whatever concerned the rational and wise development of this city, his state, and his country. During the course of his illness, he invented and constructed several devices to ease his pain mechanically. After perfecting his machine Whitney secured a patent (1794), and he and Miller went into business manufacturing and servicing the new gins. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. christopher eli whitney from tree bashline Family Tree No publicly available family members 8 People 0 Records 0 Sources Eli Whitney Eli Whitney from tree Kelley Westerman Family Tree 106 People 1 Record 1 Source Arlene Mary Whitney 'Eli' (Faulkner) found in Arlene Mary Whitney 'Eli' (Faulkner) from tree Hill Nelson Dalby Hughes2 Father Young Entrepreneur. Ten months later, the Treasury Secretary, Oliver Wolcott Jr., sent him a "foreign pamphlet on arms manufacturing techniques," possibly one of Honor Blanc's reports, after which Whitney first began to talk about interchangeability. Eleanor Whitney married Samuel Shepard & became the mother of Eleanor Shepard, who married James Darby about 1822. McL. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Company. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Eli Whitney - Wikipedia The word gin is short for engine. 11 Ibid., p. 3. This was one of the key inventions of the industrial revolution and shaped the economy of the antebellum South. Eli Whitney Jr (1765-1825) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Backed by his cousin and several New York investors, he set up the Patent Arms Company in Paterson, New Jersey to manufacture his invention. Descendants are likely on the donor list. The only problem was that Walker wanted the revolvers delivered within six months. http://www.pratthistory.com/whitney_or_homes.htmWhen the Franklin Mint's research turned up information about ginning, they didn't research well enough. Saturday and Sunday. Throughout the United States' existence, successive generations of the Whitney family have had a significant impact on its history. Whitney's invention made upland short cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in the United States. Eli Whitney 1882-1958 - Ancestry Sunday: 10am 3pm Louisa Whitney 1843 - Unknown. Whitney and Miller could not build enough gins to meet demand, so gins from other makers found ready sale. Therefore, no one person can properly be described as the inventor of the milling machine. The French Revolution had ignited new conflicts between Great Britain, France, and the United States. 2 Ibid., and Norm Flayderman, Flayderman's Guide to Antique American Firearms (Northfield, Illinois: DBI Books, 1972),p.236. After graduation in the fall of 1792, Whitney was disappointed twice in promised teaching posts. Eli is 18 degrees from J. Robert Oppenheimer, 14 degrees from Luis Alvarez, 17 degrees from Niels Bohr, 12 degrees from Vannevar Bush, 23 degrees from John Cockcroft, 12 degrees from James Bryant Conant, 20 degrees from Albert Einstein, 17 degrees from Richard Feynman, 18 degrees from Isabella Karle, 17 degrees from William Knox, 25 degrees from Chien-Shiung Wu and 18 degrees from Jonathan Duke on our single family tree. Eli Whitney Timeline - Softschools.com The thought of an angry father compelled him to reassemble the device. Research genealogy for Eli Whitney of New York, as well as other members of the Whitney family, on Ancestry. Eli Whitney (1740-1807) 2. Finally, he overcame most of the skepticism in 1801, when, in Washington, D.C., before President-elect Thomas Jefferson and other officials, he demonstrated the result of his system: from piles of disassembled muskets they picked parts at random and assembled complete muskets. Login to find your connection. Eli Whitney - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help Wrong username or password. The tools which I contemplate to make, he explained, are similar to an engraving on copper plate from which may be taken a great number of impressions perceptibly alike.. I would think if you contacted the Eli Whitney Museum they might be able to answer this question. A patent was granted on March 14, 1793. Neit> Haven, February mth, 1863 (New Haven: Price, Lee Company, 1863), p. lo. Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost his profits in legal battles over patent infringement, closed his business, and nearly filed bankruptcy. Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost his profits in legal battles over patent infringement, closed his business, and nearly filed bankruptcy. When he initially sailed for South Carolina, among his shipmates were the widow (Catherine Littlefield Greene) and family of the Revolutionary hero Gen. Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. He married late in life, at the age of 51, he took young Henrietta Edwards as his bride and the union produced four children including one son Eli Whitney Jr. who also became a famous innovator and inventor. The manufacture of handguns was a new venture for the Armory, and was yet another demonstration of the younger Whitney's entrepreneurial savvy. [1][5] Whitney expected to study law but, finding himself short of funds, accepted an offer to go to South Carolina as a private tutor. In 1797 the government, threatened by war with France, solicited 40,000 muskets from private contractors because the two national armories had produced only 1,000 muskets in three years. These devices, drawings of which are in his collected papers, were effective but were never manufactured for use of others due to his heirs' reluctance to trade in "indelicate" items. 1 Claude E. Fuller, The Whitney Firearms (Huntington, West Virginia: Standard Publications, 1946). He remained on the farm with his father. The Armory was in need of attention. [14] Cotton was a staple that could be stored for long periods and shipped long distances, unlike most agricultural products. A list made up of family members like Eli Whitney and Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. From the book, Windows on the Works: Industry on the Eli Whitney Site 1798-1979, Lake Whitney Dam, 1895 Photograph from the New Haven Colony Historical Society collection. An early leader was Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, an 18th-century French artillerist who created a fair amount of standardization of artillery pieces, although not true interchangeability of parts. Because the cotton gin had not brought Whitney the rewards he believed it promised, he accepted the offer. Eli Whitney Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline New materials, particularly steel, were coming into common use. It had taken a slave all day to clean one pound by hand. Sarah Whitney. . William Payne Whitney (March 20, 1876 May 25, 1927) was an American businessman and member of the influential Whitney family. 1777: Elizabeth Fay Whitney Died When Eli Whitney was 11 years old, his mother died. 12 New Haven Water Company, The First Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the New Haven Water Company, to the Stockholders. At age twelve, Eli displayed a look into his future. [8], A single cotton gin could generate up to 55 pounds (25kg) of cleaned cotton daily. Our editors have compiled this checklist of genealogical resources, combining links to commercial databases along with user-contributed information and web sites for the Whitney surname. Annes Carrel/Carriel. [4] Beginning in 1844, Asa Whitney launched a campaign for a railway linking the American West to the East Coast that ultimately resulted in the first American transcontinental railroad. mother. It had no industries, other than hand-crafts. Before the 1790s, slave labor was primarily employed in growing rice, tobacco, and indigo, none of which were especially profitable anymore. Although his father died when he was only four years old, the younger Whitney grew up in an atmosphere pervaded with entrepreneurial energy. 13 Oscherwit/., op. Instead of a handful of two-story houses clustered around the Green, the town center was dominated by commercial structures some of them as tall as five stories while residences, most of them wooden, were spread over dozens of city blocks. Thereafter, he turned his attention to securing contracts with the government in the manufacture of muskets for the newly formed United States Army. Son of Eli Whitney, Sr. and Elizabeth Whitney (Fay) [17] During the course of his illness, he reportedly invented and constructed several devices to mechanically ease his pain. He redirected his mechanical and entrepreneurial talents to other projects in which his system for manufacturing gins was applicable. He left a widow and his four children behind. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Therefore, no one person can properly be described as the inventor of the milling machine. And on January 1, 1862, water first began to flow through the company's pipes and into homes and hydrants throughout the city.12. Cotton exports from the U.S. boomed after the cotton gin's appearance - from less than 500,000 pounds in 1793 to 93 million pounds by 1810. John & Elinor (Eleanor) were also the parents of Deacon Joshua Whitney, who married Abigail Tarbell. Eli Whitney Jr. (December 8, 1765 - January 8, 1825) was an American inventor, widely known for inventing the cotton gin, one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution that shaped the economy of the Antebellum South. Eli Whitney (1797-1867) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree Neither was cotton, due to the difficulty of seed removal. Harry Payne Whitney (April 29, 1872 October 26, 1930) was an American businessman, thoroughbred horse breeder, and member of the prominent Whitney family. Increasing and diversifying production necessarily meant changes in the physical plant of the Armory itself. Eli . Four or more generations of descendants of Eli Whitney (1740-1807) if they are properly linked:1. The Eli Whitney Students Program, Yale University's admissions program for non-traditional students, is named in honor of Whitney, who not only began his studies there when he was 23,[18] but also went on to graduate Phi Beta Kappa in just three years. 7 William P Blake, History of the Town of Hamden (New Haven: Price, Lee & Company, 1888), 310 and Rachel M. Hartley, The History of Hamden, Connecticut (Hamden: Shoe String Press, 1959), 280-282. Source. He thus made early contributions to both the concepts of cost accounting, and economic efficiency in manufacturing. He had not mentioned interchangeable parts at that time. The family tree for Eli Whitney should not be considered exhaustive or authoritative. Lakwete, Angela. He played an important role in the development of New Haven's Ronan-Edgehill Neighborhood. 1800 . To be sure, as one of the leading citizens of the place, he had a vested interest in the quality of the public utilities. Its population continued to draw its water from wells. [11] Yale College's Eli Whitney Students Program, which is one of the four doors into Yale College, is named after Whitney in recognition of his venerable age at the time of his entrance to Yale College in 1789; he was 23 years old. Technology & Culture 14. Eli Whitney, (born December 8, 1765, Westboro, Massachusetts [U.S.]died January 8, 1825, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.), American inventor, mechanical engineer, and manufacturer, best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin but most important for developing the concept of mass production of interchangeable parts. Eli Whitney 1829 - 1895. See other search results for Lewis Dean Whitney Top record matches for Lewis Dean Whitney Lewis Dean Whitney found in 1930 United States Federal Census Eli Whitney III (1820-1894) assumed control of the armory in 1841. Whitney was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, on December 8, 1765, the eldest child of Eli Whitney Sr., a prosperous farmer, and his wife Elizabeth Fay, also of Westborough. 3 Ibid., 237-38 As additional sources for vital records, original documents, vintage . One of his offspring, Eli Whitney III (known as Eli Whitney Jr.), was instrumental in building New Haven, Connecticut's waterworks. "The Legend of Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts." view all Eli Whitney's Timeline. In a business dependent on government contracts, such connections were essential to success. Exact to: . The watch continued to keep perfect time. 1837 - 1912. When Eli Whitney, Sr., started out, the only market for arms manufactured in large quantities was the federal government. 153 New search Lewis Dean Whitney family tree Family tree Explore more family trees Parents Albert Eli Whitney 1892 - 1960 Elsie Golda Hudson 1904 - 1970 Wrong Lewis Dean Whitney ? http://www.madehow.com/inventorbios/72/Eli-Whitney.html#ixzz2AQHTASKd. [16], Although Whitney's demonstration of 1801 appeared to show the feasibility of creating interchangeable parts, Merritt Roe Smith concludes that it was "staged" and "duped government authorities" into believing that he had been successful. To meet the growing public demand for weaponry, he began producing "good and serviceable arms," long-arms which, though they worked well, did not meet the exacting specifications of the military.2 Many of these were assembled from parts he purchased from failed companies (like Robbins and Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont), from European manufacturers, and from the reject bins at the federal armory at Springfield, Massachusetts. He served as Secretary of the Navy in the first administration of President Grover Cleveland from 1885 through 1889. [7] There had been major innovations in arms manufacture since the senior Whitney's adaptations of the French Charleville musket in the early1800s. Eli Whitney was born on a farm in Westborough, Massachusetts, spending most of his young life in his father's tool shop. However most of the legacy is located at Hamden, Connecticut. Jacob S Whitney 1846 - 1893. Eli Whitney, Sr. (1740 - 1807) - Genealogy - Geni.com Research genealogy for Herbert Eli Whitney of Jackson, Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, USA, as well as other members of the Whitney family, on Ancestry. Neither was cotton, due to the difficulty of seed removal. (1956). As a youth during the Revolutionary War, he became . His mother died when he was eleven. It has been argued by some historians that Whitney's cotton gin was an important if unintended cause of the American Civil War. Thus, each weapon was unique; if a part broke, its replacement had to be especially made. What made his father's silver watch tick? John Whitney. Below is the list of best eli whitney family tree website where you can find anything related to eli whitney family tree. [15] Successful implementation of the idea eluded Whitney until near the end of his life, occurring first in others' armories. [13] Southern cotton found ready markets in Europe and in the burgeoning textile mills of New England. Please try again. Like the government armories, they used the conventional method whereby a skilled workman fashioned a complete musket, forming and fitting each part. Postscript: Whitney could not have foreseen the ways in which the cotton gin would change society. cit., pp. (bio by: Donald Greyfield (inactive)). During the Revolutionary War, the British blockade made many staples unavailable to the colonies. The device was not only an economic bonanza for the South but also the North which had the mills for making cotton into cloth. [4] One oft-overlooked point is that there were drawbacks to Whitney's first design. This contributed to the economic development of the Southern states of the United States, a prime cotton growing area; some historians believe that this invention allowed for the African slavery system in the Southern United States to become more sustainable at a critical point in its development. His public spirit, open-handed generosity, quick and wide sympathies, dignity of bearing, and courtesy, personally endeared him to people of all ages and conditions.17. "King Cotton" became a dominant economic force, and slavery was sustained as a key institution of Southern society. Family tree of Eli WHITNEY - Geneastar After graduating in 1792 he traveled to Georgia to act as a tutor for a wealthy family but declined the . Coauthor of. Eli (Eli, Nathaniel, Nathaniel, Benjamin, John, John & Elinor), Whitney's 4th Great Grandfather was John Whitney, who married Elinor before 1619. Although New Haven had grown substantially since the beginning of the nineteenth century, its public services had failed to keep pace either with the population or the changing nature of industrial activity in the city.8 In 1800, New Haven was a small town of 4,484. Instead of reaching his destination, he was convinced to visit Georgia. The Eli Whitney Technical High School is nearby where students can learn the skills of a trade as well as academics. It supplied the boarding house kitchen and provided shelter for the draft animals used at the Armory. On taking over the plant in 1842, he bid successfully on the federal rifle contract of 1841.1 Producing over 20,000 rifles of the new percussion-cap design required not only retooling the Armory, but also employing more efficient power sources (the turbine) and the use of new metals, most notably steel.