medlineplus medical terminology

Medical Terminology - Medical Assisting Resources - LibGuides at MedlinePlus is a service of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the world's largest medical library, which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Insulin increases the livers storage of glucose as glycogen, decreasing blood glucose, whereas glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen stores, increasing blood glucose. The release of ACTH is regulated by the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus in response to normal physiologic rhythms. And as noted earlier, the let-down of milk occurs in response to stimulation from oxytocin. Their overall effect is to inhibit tissue building while stimulating the breakdown of stored nutrients to maintain adequate fuel supplies. You may have a blood test for ALP to detect liver or bone disease. Traveling across multiple time zones significantly disturbs the light-dark cycle regulated by melatonin. Medical Terms and Abbreviations: Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary Medical Dictionary Search medical terms and abbreviations with the most up-to-date and comprehensive medical dictionary from the reference experts at Merriam-Webster. Oxytocin is not only used during childbirth, but also breastfeeding. In post-menopausal women, as the functions of the ovaries decline, the main source of estrogens becomes the androgens produced by the zona reticularis. MedlinePlus Connect is available as a Web application or a Web service. The medullary tissue is composed of unique postganglionic SNS neurons called chromaffin cells, which are large and irregularly shaped, and produce the neurotransmitters epinephrine (also called adrenaline) and norepinephrine (or noradrenaline). National Library of Medicine (NLM) - National Institutes of Health (NIH) In adult women, they may contribute to the sex drive, but their function in adult men is not well understood. 1. The three most common types of interaction are as follows: To prevent abnormal hormone levels and a potential disease state, hormone levels must be tightly controlled. Basic Local Alignment . Appendix A: Word Parts and What They Mean, URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/appendixa.html. A dietary deficiency of iodine, a component of thyroid hormones, can therefore affect reproductive system development and functioning. But several other factors influence the target cell response. [CrashCourse]. If you want to incorporate this content into your EHR or brand it, you must license the content directly from the information vendor. [3] The service is funded by the NLM and is free to users. The signs and symptoms of Addisons disease are vague and are typical of other disorders as well, making diagnosis difficult. A glucocorticoid produced in much smaller amounts is corticosterone. There is also a site optimized for display on mobile devices, in both English and Spanish. The same or similar content is being provided through other NLM resources, namely PubMed and Bookshelf (for systematic review content), and MedlinePlus (for consumer health information). (2015, June 22). Diseases of the arteries outside the heart. Transurethral resection of prostate gland, An operation to remove parts of the prostate gland, Therapy that uses radiation, usually for cancer. 8600 Rockville Pike The parathyroid glands are tiny, round structures usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones into the blood. membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it. For lab test requests, MedlinePlus Connect supports: For medical procedure codes, MedlinePlus Connect supports: MedlinePlus Connect supports requests for information in English or Spanish. [10] The site scored 84 in the American Customer Satisfaction Index for 2010.[11]. The thyroid gland also secretes a hormone called, Calcitonin is released in response to a rise in blood calcium levels, Adrenal hormones also have several nonstress-related functions, including the increase of blood sodium and glucose levels, which will be described in detail below, or pituitary and are converted in the tissues to testosterone or estrogens. In some cases, two hormones are required for an adequate response. The cell bodies of these regions rest in the hypothalamus. Unless otherwise indicated, this chapter contains material adapted from Anatomy and Physiology (on OpenStax), by Betts, et al. MedlinePlus | definition of MedlinePlus by Medical dictionary Copyright 2020 by Neuroscientifically Challenged. Medical Terminology by Stacey Grimm; Coleen Allee; Elaine Strachota; Laurie Zielinski; Traci Gotz; Micheal Randolph; and Heidi Belitz is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. These dictionaries give the meanings to the word parts and can translate medical-language-to-English and vice versa. Once you make this change in your system, MedlinePlus Connect will update and maintain the links between the codes and the consumer health information. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm. MedlinePlus has more than 1,300 summaries that educate patients about the features, genetic causes, and inheritance of genetic conditions. Generally, the nervous system involves quick responses to rapid changes in the external environment, and the endocrine system is usually slower actingtaking care of the internal environment of the body, maintaining equilibrium (homeostasis), and in controlling reproduction (see Table 17.1). Much of the development of the reproductive system occurs during puberty and is marked by the development of sex-specific characteristics in both male and female adolescents. Two or more hormones can interact to affect the response of cells in a variety of ways. Learn about NLMs contributions to Health IT. In response, cervical stretching stimulates additional oxytocin to be synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the pituitary. A newborn will have this test to check for infections. Efficient health care information exchange in the US and worldwide is made possible by NLMs work with IT Data Standards. Psychological stresses include the perception of a physical threat, a fight with a loved one, or just a bad day at school. A glucose-sparing effect occurs when GH stimulates lipolysis, or the breakdown of adipose tissue, releasing fatty acids into the blood. For example, the hormones released when you are presented with a dangerous or a frightening situation, called the fight-or-flight response, occurs through the release of hormones from the adrenal gland, epinephrine and norepinephrinewithin seconds. Renin then catalyzes the conversion of the blood protein angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted in the lungs to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Implementing MedlinePlus Connect will make a global change; you don't need to create individual links. A disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and the accumulation of lipid deposits on the face and neck. The target cells of ADH are located in the tubular cells of the kidneys. For example, alcohol consumption inhibits the release of ADH, resulting in increased urine production that can eventually lead to dehydration and a hangover. In a non-pregnant woman, prolactin secretion is inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is actually the neurotransmitter dopamine, and is released from neurons in the hypothalamus. Table 17.1: Endocrine and Nervous Systems. The endocrine system includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands (see Figure 17.2). MedlinePlus is the website of the National Institute of Health (NIH) for patients, family members, and the general public. As just noted, the pancreas also has an exocrine function: most of its cells secrete pancreatic juice through the pancreatic and accessory ducts to the lumen of the small intestine. The placenta supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, excretes waste products, and produces and secretes estrogens and progesterone. Other effects include a dry mouth, loss of appetite, pupil dilation, and a loss of peripheral vision. At the same time, it triggers vasoconstriction to blood vessels serving less essential organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and skin, and downregulates some components of the immune system. YouTube. A condition in which the heart cant pump enough blood throughout the body. They include strong prescription pain relievers such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and tramadol. TSH is released from the anterior pituitary in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. Women also show increased MSH production during pregnancy; in combination with estrogens, it can lead to darker skin pigmentation, especially the skin of the areolas and labia minora. It is updated daily and carries no advertisements. Definitions of Health Terms: MedlinePlus Like cholesterol, steroid hormones are not soluble in water (they are hydrophobic). MedlinePlus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The primary hormones produced by the ovaries are estrogens, which include estradiol, estriol, and estrone. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine signal the liver and skeletal muscle cells to convert glycogen into glucose, resulting in increased blood glucose levels. A similar condition in adults is acromegaly, a disorder that results in the growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet in response to excessive levels of GH in individuals who have stopped growing. Hormone receptors recognize molecules with specific shapes and side groups, and respond only to those hormones that are recognized. This can happen in your arteries or. As a result, the nervous system can cause rapid endocrine responses to keep up with sudden changes in both the external and internal environments, when necessary. Accessibility You may have an ABG test to detect lung diseases. It is a value-added service to bring MedlinePlus content to electronic health record systems. Amine hormones are synthesized from the amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine. These symptoms are mediated by the hormones of the adrenal cortex, especially cortisol, released as a result of signals from the HPA axis. ). Each of these regions produces different hormones. (Prior to 2020 this content was labelled Genetics Home Reference; the content is now a part of MedlinePlus.). Overview Edema is swelling caused by fluid trapped in your body's tissues, most often in your feet and ankles. Opioids, sometimes called narcotics, are a type of drug. In a classic negative feedback loop, elevated levels of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream then trigger a drop in production of TRH and subsequently TSH. These chemical groups affect a hormones distribution, the type of receptors it binds to, and other aspects of its function. In response to long-term stressors, the hypothalamus secretes CRH, which in turn triggers the release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary. Diagnosis of DMD is based on the symptoms, clinical exam, and the result of a biopsy to remove a small piece of muscle for examination under a microscope. MedlinePlus Connect is a free service of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. A disease called diabetes insipidus is characterized by chronic underproduction of ADH that causes chronic dehydration. The hCG hormone promotes progesterone synthesis and reduces the mothers immune function to protect the fetus from immune rejection. Download the materials mentioned above for this tutorial. Also includes information on medical terminology. They may include general weakness, abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and cravings for salty food (Betts, et al., 2021). The adrenal cortex, as a component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, secretes steroid hormones important for the regulation of the long-term stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrolyte balance, and inflammation. Blood glucose levels rise as the result of a combination of glucose-sparing and diabetogenic effects. You may have a blood test for CA-125 A to measure cancer activity. Traveling across multiple time zones significantly disturbs the light-dark cycle regulated by melatonin. Become an informed health-care consumer! U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Medical Language Related to the Body as a Whole, 10. As blood osmolarity decreases, the hypothalamic osmoreceptors sense the change and prompt a corresponding decrease in the secretion of ADH. Glossary. Introduction to Medical Terminology - OpenMD These patients can consult with an endocrinologist to weigh the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy intended to boost their natural levels of reproductive hormones. The primary hormone produced by the male testes is testosterone, a steroid hormone important in the development of the male reproductive system, the maturation of sperm cells, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics such as a deepened voice, body hair, and increased muscle mass. The paraventricular nuclei produce the hormone oxytocin, whereas the supraoptic nuclei produce ADH. Induces targets to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. Medical Subject Headings . Within seconds, cells in the mothers milk ducts contract, ejecting milk into the infants mouth. The level of effort for implementation varies depending on the flexibility and customizability of your system. Because the chromaffin cells release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the systemic circulation, where they travel widely and exert effects on distant cells, they are considered hormones. The MedlinePlus website provides information in text-based webpages as well as in videos and tools. Find encyclopedia articles A-Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Some patients experience health problems as a result of the normal decline in hormones that can accompany aging. Many EHR systems can be configured to link to more than one source of consumer health information. These will also be helpful when you are talking with your health care provider. By the 1990s, more members of the general public were using these services as Internet access became widespread. Feedback loops govern the initiation and maintenance of most hormone secretion in response to various stimuli. As discussed shortly, it triggers the secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. In 2015, about 400 million people from around the world used MedlinePlus. The diverse centers, divisions, advisory bodies and other organizational units that make up NLM contribute in myriad ways to the Librarys mission. MedlinePlus - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Some opioids are made from the opium plant, and others are synthetic (man-made). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, bronchus (large airway that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to a lung), bursa (a small, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts), duodenum (the first part of your small intestine, right after your stomach), ileum (the lower part of the small intestine), ischium (the lower and back part of the hip bone), meninges (the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord), phalanx (any bone in the fingers or toes), rib, pleura (membrane that wraps around the outside of your lungs and lines the inside of your chest cavity). To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. In conditions of long-term stress, for example, cortisol promotes the catabolism of glycogen to glucose, the catabolism of stored triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, and the catabolism of muscle proteins into amino acids. When photons of light stimulate the retinas of the eyes, a nerve impulse is sent to a region of the hypothalamus which is important in regulating biological rhythms. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. A variety of stressors can also influence its release, and the role of ACTH in the stress response is discussed later in this chapter. MedlinePlus Connect provides links to copyrighted drug information from American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, ASHP, Inc. Users of MedlinePlus Connect are prohibited from ingesting and/or branding this copyrighted content in their EHR or other health IT system. In 2000s, A.D.A.M. Carbon monoxide can keep the developing baby from getting enough oxygen. Hormones are then transported primarily via the bloodstream throughout the body, where they bind to receptors on target cells, creating a particular response. You may have a blood test for T3 to detect thyroid disease. You may have a PPD skin test for tuberculosis. Its pancreatic isletsclusters of cells formerly known as the islets of Langerhanssecrete the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Pregnancy and Drug Use | Smoking While Pregnant | MedlinePlus As glucocorticoid concentrations in the blood rise, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland reduce their signaling to the adrenal glands to prevent additional glucocorticoid secretion (see Figure 17.3). Go camping: Artificial light sources can negatively affect circadian rhythms, scientists say. During the stage of exhaustion, individuals may begin to suffer depression, the suppression of their immune response, severe fatigue, or even a fatal heart attack. This is a list of some common abbreviations and acronyms. Calcitonin is released in response to a rise in blood calcium levels. In contrast, the anterior pituitary does manufacture hormones. When an EHR, patient portal or other system submits a code-based request, MedlinePlus Connect returns a response that includes links to patient education information relevant to the code. The cells in the zone between the pituitary lobes secrete a hormone known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) that is formed by cleavage of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor protein. Electrolyte imbalances can occur in severe cases of diabetes insipidus, , also called corticotropin, stimulates the adrenal cortex (the more superficial bark of the adrenal glands) to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol. A lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. This medical dictionary is a component of MedlinePlus, provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine. A fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, A diagnostic test that uses radiation to make images of your lungs, A surgical procedure on the uterus (womb), A test that measures electrical impulses of the heart, A test that uses sound waves to look at the heart, A test that measures electrical impulses of the brain, A test that measures electrical impulses of muscles, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, A way to diagnose problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts and pancreas. To learn more about a thyroid scan visit HealthLine: Thyroid Scan. The gonadotropins include two glycoprotein hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, or gametes, including ova in women and sperm in men. Browse the Medical Dictionary a b c d e READ RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS | MEET OUR PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS | EXPLORE TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpaBMgZG9XQ. For example, the presence of a significant level of a hormone circulating in the bloodstream can cause its target cells to decrease their number of receptors for that hormone. It is really an extension of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates homeostasis in the body. As the newborn begins suckling, sensory receptors in the nipples transmit signals to the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is also thought to be involved in feelings of love and closeness, as well as in the sexual response. MedlinePlus: MedlinePlus Connect You may have a blood test for CRP to see if you have inflammation or heart problems. Accelerating Biomedical Discovery and Data-Powered Health, Citations for biomedical Positive feedback loops are characterized by the release of additional hormone in response to an original hormone release. When to Use MedlinePlus. Similarly, certain cells send chemical signals to other cells in the body that influence their behavior. complex system of glands and organs that uses hormones to regulate bodily functions such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. However, "PubMed Health, a portal for systematic reviews as well as consumer health information, was discontinued on October 31, 2018. Another significant ovarian hormone is progesterone, which contributes to regulation of the menstrual cycle and is important in preparing the body for pregnancy as well as maintaining pregnancy. The medial region, called the isthmus, is flanked by wing-shaped left and right lobes. Recall that the posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but merely stores them. MedlinePlus Connect is intended for use within the United States health care system and cannot support coding systems not used in the United States. Appendix B: Some Common Abbreviations - MedlinePlus The same hormone may also play a role in a variety of different physiological processes depending on the target cells involved. The secretion of melatonin varies according to the level of light received from the environment. These hormones travel along the axons into storage sites in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary. The body maintains this control by balancing hormone production and degradation. The term "whiplash" is a colloquialism. So how does the fight-or-flight response, that was mentioned earlier, happen so quickly if hormones are usually slower acting? A condition marked by low levels of thyroid hormones that results in weight gain, cold sensitivity, and reduced mental activity (Betts, et al., 2021). This training program provides biomedical and clinical informatics training and research opportunities for individuals at various stages in their career. Drug information for both generic and brand-name prescription and over-the-counter medications. National Library of Medicine Do you recall the neurotransmitter responsible for assisting the response to danger or stress? Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for the mobilization of energy stores? The levels of TRH, TSH, T3, and T4 are regulated by a negative feedback system in which increasing levels of T3 and T4 decrease the production and secretion of TSH. This long-distance intercellular communication, coordination, and control is critical to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis). The posterior pituitary is actually an extension of the neurons of the nuclei of the hypothalamus. The male testes and female ovarieswhich produce the sex cells (sperm and ova) and secrete the gonadal hormones. Moreover, a single hormone may be capable of inducing different responses in a given cell. The glucocorticoid hormones play a role in glucose metabolism. You may have a blood test for CPK to see if youve had a heart attack. Lidocaine toxicity. As a result, less water is reabsorbed from the urine filtrate. In adult women, they may contribute to the sex drive, but their function in adult men is not well understood. This procedure is designed to check the status of the thyroid. Prefixes and Suffixes - Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professions For problem code requests, MedlinePlus Connect supports: For some problem code requests in English, M+ Connect also returns information pages about genetic conditions. Appendix B: Some Common Abbreviations This is a list of some common abbreviations and acronyms. Your provider will test your edema by pressing their finger into the swollen area (pitting) to identify how much fluid is in your tissues (grade). In addition, endocrine signaling is typically less specific than neural (nerve) signaling. You may have a blood test for PSA to detect prostate disease. How to Understand Medical Terminology: 7 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow Pieces of fat may break away and become trapped in a blood vessel. Once this stress is relieved, the body quickly returns to normal. These are the growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), beta endorphin, and prolactin. You may need a PAP test to detect cervical cancer. They then may gather in the lungs or travel to the brain. The "Animated Dissection of Anatomy for Medicine, Inc." is a NASDAQ-traded public company based in Atlanta, Georgia, that provides consumer health information and benefits technology products to healthcare organizations, employers, consumers, and educational institutions. The service provides curated consumer health information in English and Spanish with select content in additional languages. For instance, the heart rate typically rises during exercise or as a response to stress. MedlinePlus contains: Health topics and a medical encyclopedia from A.D.A.M., Inc. covering hundreds of diseases, conditions, and wellness issues. In addition, the testes produce the peptide hormone inhibin, which inhibits the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Adrenal hormones also have several nonstress-related functions, including the increase of blood sodium and glucose levels, which will be described in detail below. Learn more about MedlinePlus FEATURED TOPIC Eye Care For example, two different reproductive hormonesFSH from the pituitary gland and estrogens from the ovariesare required for the maturation of female ova (egg cells). LocatorPlus is the Library's online catalog containing catalog records for books . The same type of receptor may be located on cells in different body tissues, and trigger somewhat different responses. A major hormone involved in this process is growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropina protein hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. multimedia search engine, A database of clinical Medical terminology is the universal language of medicine that describes the human body, its functions, diseases that impact it, and the procedures to correct them. Suggest what may happen if the adrenal cortex failed to secrete its hormones. These tests include the following levels: calcium, cortisol, electrolytes, FSH, GH, glucose, insulin, parathyroid hormones, T3, T4, testosterone, and TSH. The name diabetogenic is derived from the similarity in elevated blood glucose levels observed between individuals with untreated diabetes mellitus and individuals experiencing GH excess.