mao zedong used propaganda during the cultural revolution to

In December 1978, Deng Xiaoping became the new paramount leader of China, replacing Hua Guofeng, and started the "Boluan Fanzheng" program which gradually dismantled the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution, and brought the country back to order. Hu Yaobang became head of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party as its Secretary-general. STR/AFP/Getty Images Some observers hope the apologies will lead to. [16] Known as Red Guards, these organizations originally arose in schools and universities and later arose in factories and other institutions. "[14]:141 Chinese leadership also feared the increasing military conflict between the United States and the North Vietnamese troops that China supported would lead to the United States seeking out potential Chinese traitors. 194204 in. and "Those who are against Chairman Mao will have their dog skulls smashed into pieces. However, Zhou was weakened by cancer, and in 1974, the Jiang Qing faction seized these and other paintings and mounted exhibitions in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities denouncing the artworks as "Black Paintings". In 1972, the Gang of Four rose to power and the Cultural Revolution continued until Mao's death and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976. [59]:218, Up to two million people may have visited Tiananmen Square on April 4. [13]:137 After the conference, Liu, once a powerful moderate pundit of the ruling class, was placed under house arrest in Beijing, then sent to a detention camp, where he was denied medical treatment and died in 1969. ", "At China's New Museum, History Toes Party Line", "Mao Zedong a Hundred Years On: The Legacy of a Ruler", Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil, The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution, Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang, Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution, Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution, Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others), Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977, Morning Sun A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution, Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, "William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution", Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend, Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group, Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee, Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia, International Conference of MarxistLeninist Parties and Organizations, Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People, Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Revolution&oldid=1166080921, CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans), Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2021, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2019, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0. Advocate for an open market B. [165]:ix Since Deng's ascendancy to power, the government has arrested and imprisoned figures who have taken a strongly pro-Cultural Revolution stance. Log in for more information. The Little Red Book (Mao's Quotations) was the mechanism that led the Red Guards to commit to their objective as the future for China. Many revolutionary committees visited the mangoes in Beijing from outlying provinces. [11]:23, Academic interest has also focused on the movement's relationship with Mao's personality. Workers then filed by and each was given a spoonful of mango water. Red Guard slogans were of the most violent nature, such as "Strike the enemy down on the floor and step on him with a foot", "Long live the red terror!" "China." [citation needed] Along with the call for legal action, this movement demands the establishment of agencies similar to Cultural Revolution-era "neighborhood committees", in which "citizens" would report anti-Maoists to local public security bureaus. [13]:328, The attacks on Zhang found favour with many attendees at the Plenum and may have been construed by Mao as an indirect attack on the Cultural Revolution itself. The cultural revolution mobilized the all of society to compete for all opposing factions that they belonged to (Ong, 2016). [17]:21921, In the central city of Wuhan, like in many other cities, two major revolutionary organizations emerged, one supporting the conservative establishment and the other opposed to it. "[13]:125 In about two weeks, the violence left some 100 officials of the ruling and middle class dead in Beijing's western district alone. [163]:21 Nevertheless, the most prominent symbol of academic research in archaeology, the journal Kaogu, did not publish during the Cultural Revolution. [10], By the early 1960s, many of the Great Leap's economic policies were reversed by initiatives spearheaded by Liu, Deng, and Premier Zhou Enlai. Textbooks on the subject continue to abide by the "official view" (see above) of the events. Rather than focus on the horrific consequences of his leadership, newspapers make excuses by describing that revolutions typically have a brutal side and are unable to be viewed from the "humanitarian perspective." On August 1, the Eleventh Plenum of the 8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was hastily convened to advance Mao's now decidedly radical agenda. [19]:195, During the Cultural Revolution, basic education was emphasized and rapidly expanded. This marked Deng's second purge in ten years. In May 1978, Deng seized the opportunity to elevate his protg Hu Yaobang to power. Answer (1 of 19): The CCP under Mao made the planting of opium poppy illegal in China and made it compulsory for drug addicts to undergo rehabilitation. The extensive Organization Department, in charge of party personnel, virtually ceased to exist. [13]:7, Other Soviet actions increased concerns about potential fifth columnists in China. In the initial stages, most of the youth who took part volunteered. Deng Xiaoping famously summed this up with the phrase "Mao was 70% good, 30% bad. [168] These directives could be interpreted to suit personal interests, in turn aiding factions' goals in being most loyal to Mao Zedong. In Wuhan, there were 62 suicides and 32 murders during the same period. The power-seizure movement was rearing its head in the military as well. In August, the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Beijing, officially naming (in ranking order) Hua Guofeng, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian and Wang Dongxing as new members of the Politburo Standing Committee. The 1975 Banqiao Dam failure, one of the world's greatest technological catastrophes, also occurred during the Cultural Revolution. Jiang Qing and her allies pinned Deng Xiaoping as the incident's 'mastermind', and issued reports on official media to that effect. Intellectuals were also targeted. Among all the members of the academy in China, 229 were persecuted to death. Chen Boda, now aligned with the PLA faction loyal to Lin, galvanized support for the restoration of the office of President of China, despite Mao's wishes to the contrary. Indeed, a personal dislike of Jiang Qing drew many civilian leaders, including prominent theoretician Chen Boda, closer to Lin Biao. User: Mao Zedong use propaganda during the cultural revolution to. Updated: 12:00am, 6 May, 2006. [13]:290 Mao also restored the function of some formal party institutions, such as the operations of the party's Politburo, which ceased functioning between 1966 and 1968 because the Central Cultural Revolution Group held de facto control of the country. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. In October 1966, Mao convened a "Central Work Conference", mostly to convince those in the party leadership who had not yet adopted revolutionary ideology. [155], As of September 1971, more than 4,000 staff members of China's nuclear center in Qinghai were persecuted. The public and foreign missions were kept in the dark on the reason for Peng Zhen's ousting. [35], In May 1968, Mao launched the massive "Cleansing the Class Ranks" political purge in mainland China. While official sources maintain that Lin planned and executed the alleged coup attempt, scholars such as Jin Qiu portray Lin as a passive character manipulated by members of his family and his supporters. At the plenum, Mao showed outright disdain for Liu, repeatedly interrupting Liu as he delivered his opening day speech. Hundreds of thousands to millions of civilians, Red Guard and military deaths (exact number not known). The drug problem did subside . The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. In Yunnan Province, the palace of the Dai people's king was torched, and a massacre of Muslim Hui people at the hands of the PLA in Yunnan, known as the Shadian incident, reportedly claimed over 1,600 lives in 1975. [185] Numerous valuable old books, paintings, and other cultural relics were also burnt to ashes. They all made phone calls to their own work units to spread this happy news; and they also organised all kinds of celebratory activities all night long, and arrived at [the national leadership compound] Zhongnanhai despite the rain to report the good news, and to express their loyalty to the Great Leader Chairman Mao. During the Red August of Beijing, on August 8, 1966, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party passed its "Decision Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," later to be known as the "Sixteen Points. [34]:239, On July 27, 1968, the Red Guards' power over the PLA was officially ended, and the establishment government sent in units to besiege areas that remained untouched by the Guards. Years of resentment over the Cultural Revolution, the public persecution of Deng Xiaoping (seen as Zhou's ally), and the prohibition against public mourning led to a rise in popular discontent against Mao and the Gang of Four. [51], In December 1968, Mao began the "Down to the Countryside Movement." Only on September 30 was Lin's death confirmed in Beijing, which led to the cancellation of the National Day celebration events the following day. In terms of his public image, they are also content with depicting him as innately evil. How has China changed since Mao Zedong's death? In response to a Red Guard leader's telegram sent prior to the meeting, which claimed that some "Black Hand" had maneuvered the workers against the Red Guards to suppress the Cultural Revolution, Mao told the student leaders, "The Black Hand is nobody else but me! Perceived risks to Mao's safety were allegedly relayed to the chairman. Premier Zhou Enlai at the Ninth Party Congress[54], Lin Biao was officially elevated to become the Party's number-two figure, with his name written into the CCP's Constitution as Mao's "closest comrade-in-arms" and "universally recognized successor. [25] In Shanghai, there were 704 suicides and 534 deaths related to the Cultural Revolution in September. The conference was heavily laden with Maoist political rhetoric on class struggle and filled with meticulously prepared 'indictments' on the recently ousted leaders such as Peng Zhen and Luo Ruiqing. On August 4, 1968, Mao was presented with about 40 mangoes by the Pakistani foreign minister, Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada, in an apparent diplomatic gesture. At the same time, the army took control of some provinces and locales that were deemed incapable of sorting out their own power transitions. On January 15 Deng Xiaoping delivered Zhou's official eulogy in a funeral attended by all of China's most senior leaders with the notable absence of Mao himself, who had grown increasingly critical of Zhou. The majority of writers and artists were seen as "black line figures" and "reactionary literati", and therefore persecuted, many were subjected to "criticism and denunciation" where they may be publicly humiliated and ravaged, and may also be imprisoned or sent to be reformed through hard labour. It is disputed whether Lin Biao was involved in this process. "[33], In March 1967, the policy was adapted into the "Three Supports and Two Militaries" initiative in which PLA troops were sent to schools and work units across the country in an effort to stabilize political tumult and end factional warfare. [13]:126 Xie Fuzhi, the national police chief, often pardoned Red Guards for their "crimes. At the same time, a large number of "unjust, false, mistaken cases ()" appeared due to political purges. The Revolution marked the effective commanding return of Maowho was still the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)to the centre of power, after a period of self-abstention and ceding to less radical leadership in the aftermath of the Mao-led Great Leap Forward debacle and the Great Chinese Famine (19591961). Sensing that the largely obstructive party elite was unwilling to embrace his revolutionary ideology on a full scale, Mao went on the offensive. [57], By 1973, round after round of political struggles had left many lower-level institutions, including local government, factories, and railways, short of competent staff needed to carry out basic functions. [according to whom? In the late 1960s, China experienced a period of strained relations with some of its neighbours, notably with the Soviet Union and India. [14]:141 As a result of the tensions following the Sino-Soviet split, Soviet leaders had authorized radio broadcasts into China stating that the Soviet Union would assist "genuine communists" who overthrew Mao and his "erroneous course. Mao Zedong used propaganda during the Cultural Revolution to A. [198]:5 These sentiments also increased following the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999 when a segment of the population began to associate anti-Maoist viewpoints with the United States. Peng was replaced by Lin Biao, another revolutionary army general who became a more staunch Mao supporter later in his career. [13]:285 The institutional framework of the Party established two decades earlier had broken down almost entirely: delegates for this Congress were effectively selected by Revolutionary Committees rather than through election by party members. [171] In poor and remote areas of China, movies and operas were shown for free. This one-lesson unit examines Mao Zedong as a revolutionary leader through Chinese propaganda posters from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976. Chinese historians compare the cultural suppression during the Cultural Revolution to Qin Shihuang's great Confucian purge. Liu and Deng kept their seats on the Politburo Standing Committee but were in fact sidelined from day-to-day party affairs. Deng emphatically opposed Party factionalism, and his policies aimed to promote unity as the first step to restoring economic productivity. On February 12, 1966, the "Five Man Group" issued a report known as the February Outline (). In 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his policies, and began implementing post-Stalinist economic reforms. Researchers have pointed out that at least 100,000 to 200,000 people committed suicides during the early Cultural Revolution. Subsequently, Gen. Chen Zaidao was sent to Beijing and tried by Jiang Qing and the rest of the Cultural Revolution Group. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. [150]:10 The entire generation of tormented and inadequately educated individuals is often referred to as the 'lost generation' in both China and the West. The Gang of Four's heavy hand in political and media control did not prevent Deng from reinstating his economic policies. Among some, it is referred to as the "ten years of chaos" (Chinese: sh nin dnglun, ; or sh nin hoji, ). One from 1977 shows a countryside. China's Health Crisis", "When Pol Pot lounged by Mao's pool: how China exported Maoism", "The economic factor in the Sino-Vietnamese split, 197275: An analysis of Vietnamese archival sources", "The Cultural Revolution: All you need to know about China's political convulsion", "Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution (Book Review)", "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China (Chinese Communism Subject Archive)", "Does a New Biography Tell the Whole Story on Deng Xiaoping? She knelt before the crowds as they denounced her. Is this the way to unify the world? pp. Even a casual remark by Mao, "Sweet potato tastes good; I like it" became a slogan everywhere in the countryside. The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. In the decade that followed, China was turned upside down as millions of Chinese youth attacked traditional standard bearers of power and authority - among them party leaders, teachers, and family members. "[169]:12 To distance itself from the era, Deng Xiaoping's government cut back heavily on the use of political slogans. Stress from the events led Luo to attempt suicide. [36][19]:115, Shanghai's was the first provincial level government overthrown. Peterson, Glen. A small number of slogans left at Tiananmen even attacked Mao himself, and his Cultural Revolution. Within a few years from 1978, Deng Xiaoping and Hu Yaobang helped rehabilitate over 3million "unjust, false, erroneous" cases in Cultural Revolution. Red Guards, Chinese (Pinyin) Hongweibing or (Wade-Giles romanization) Hung-wei-ping, in Chinese history, groups of militant university and high school students formed into paramilitary units as part of the Cultural Revolution (1966-76). [63][64], Shortly before dying, Mao had allegedly written the message "With you in charge, I'm at ease," to Hua. [19]:115 Starting in 1967, eight model dramas (six operas and two ballets) were produced in the first three years, and the most notable of the operas was The Legend of the Red Lantern. [13]:5658, Mao promptly endorsed Nie's dazibao as "the first Marxist big-character poster in China." When the mango peel began to rot after a few days, the fruit was peeled and boiled in a pot of water. In addition to the purge of Chen, Mao asked Lin's principal generals to write self-criticisms on their political positions as a warning to Lin. Between August and November 1966, eight mass rallies were held in which over 12million people from all over the country, most of whom were Red Guards, participated. [167], Huang asserts that political slogans were ubiquitous in every aspect of people's lives, being printed onto everyday items such as bus tickets, cigarette packets, and mirror tables. [163]:3 Some draw a distinction between intention and performance. The Cultural Revolution had roots in the 1958-61 Great Leap Forward, the collectivization of agricultural and industrial output that precipitated a famine that left as many as 45 million dead. Peng forbade its publication in the nationally distributed People's Daily and other major newspapers under his control, instructing them to write exclusively about "academic discussion," and not pay heed to Yao's petty politics. They were used in the course of violent struggles ,which mostly took place from 1967 to 1968. These propaganda efforts at smearing Zhou's image, however, only strengthened public attachment to Zhou's memory. [171] Before this period, few Chinese cultural productions reflected the lives of peasants and workers. With Mao's health on the decline, it was clear that Jiang Qing had political ambitions of her own. In Albania, Communist leader and Chinese ally Enver Hoxha began a "Cultural and Ideological Revolution" organized along the same lines as the Cultural Revolution. Propaganda poster for the Chinese People's Liberation Army, with Red Army and Red Guard members charging forward holding Mao . [46] Mao had his aide send the box of mangoes to his Mao Zedong Propaganda Team at Tsinghua University on August 5, the team stationed there to quiet strife among Red Guard factions. The Revolution failed to achieve its main goals. The formation of rival revolutionary groups, some manifestations of long-established local feuds, led to factional violent struggles across the country. Mao also inducted several of his supporters to the Central Military Commission and placed his loyalists in leadership roles of the Beijing Military Region. [13]:331 Moreover, Chen launched an assault on Zhang Chunqiao, a staunch Maoist who embodied the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, over the evaluation of Mao's legacy. Meanwhile, Mao also sacked Propaganda Department director Lu Dingyi, a Peng Zhen ally. Hu published an article in the Guangming Daily, making clever use of Mao's quotations while lauding Deng's ideas.