encyclopedia of adolescence

(Columbia Law School), Ph.D. (Psychology, the University of Chicago), is professor of criminal justice at Indiana University and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Comprehensive in breath and textbook in depth, the second edition with entries presented in easy-to-access A to Z format serves as a reference repository of knowledge in the field as well as a frequently updated conduit of new research and knowledge long before such information trickles down to standard textbooks. But My Sister Is Nothing Like Me: Why Are Siblings so Different? The term adolescence derives from the Latin adolescere, "to grow up." The Random House Dictionary defines adolescence as "the process or condition of growing up; the growing age of human beings; the period which extends from childhood to manhood or womanhood; ordinarily considered as extending from fourteen to twenty-five in males, and from twelve to twenty-one in females." [17] As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. ADOLESCENCE Recognition of the life stage between childhood and adulthood as a subject of modern scientific inquiry began in the early twentieth century with the publication of Antonio Marro's La Puberta (1898) and G. Stanley Hall's highly influential compendium Adolescence (1904). Substantively, the second edition continues to draw from four major areas of research relating to adolescence: Developmental disabilities and adolescence, Intellectual disabilities and adolescence, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4, Springer International Publishing AG 2018, 46 b/w illustrations, 13 illustrations in colour, Academic Achievement: Contextual Influences, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, Patricia Goodson, Eric R. Walsh-Buhi, Sara Reeves, Kelly L. Wilson, Marta Bassi, Patrizia Steca, Antonella Delle Fave, Paul R. Smokowski, Martica Bacallao, Caroline B. R. Evans, Christopher Fischer, Christopher Thompson, Praveen Kambam, H. Eric Bender, The first broad area includes research relating to "Self, Identity and Development in Adolescence". [221] More drastically, cigarette smoking has become a far less prevalent activity among American middle- and high-school students; in fact, a greater number of teens now smoke marijuana than smoke cigarettes, with one recent study showing a respective 23.8% versus 43.6% of surveyed high school seniors. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. Approximately 1 year after the scrotum begins to increase in size, stage II can be seen. Breast development will also be completed by this stage. [199] Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors. [164] Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another. Estrangement from parents has clear effects. During puberty young bodies grow stronger and are infused with hormones that stimulate desires appropriate to ensuring the perpetuation of the species. [162] Bullied adolescents are more likely to both continue to be bullied and to bully others in the future. [18][19] Some men do not develop full facial hair for 10 years after puberty. But even with access to a car, many teenagers lack appropriate places to go and rewarding activities in which to participate. Why Do We Have These Motivational Systems? Encyclopedia of Adolescence 2nd ed. 2018 Edition - amazon.com Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. [142] Sustaining positive sibling relations can assist adolescents in a number of ways. In its place, peer influence can be counterproductive by reinforcing a sense of underachievement or sanctioning deviant behaviour. This area of research centers on the influence and nature of important institutions that serve as the socializing contexts for adolescents. For many, these distinctions are uncomfortable, but they also appear to motivate achievement through behavior consistent with the ideal and distinct from the feared possible selves.[101][103]. Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals. For the full article, see, https://www.britannica.com/summary/adolescence. Bowman and Gordon Gray Distinguished Term Professor and the Director of Clinical Psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. [225], Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also can increase adolescents' vulnerability. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds. Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan. For example, in the United States, bone density increases significantly more among black than white adolescents, which might account for decreased likelihood of black women developing osteoporosis and having fewer bone fractures there. Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, defined adolescence to be the period of life from ages 14 to 24, and viewed it primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). Roger J. R. Levesque, Dorothy Markiewicz, Anna Beth Doyle, Andrea J. Romero, Kali Van Campen, Camden A. Elliott et al. In the last decade, the amount of time that adolescents spend on the computer has greatly increased. [199] Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents. Choice - Outstanding Academic Title in 2012, Encyclopedia offers a comprehensive examination of adolescence. "The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier or end later. The authoritative, multi-volume reference work on child and adolescent development and psychology . This age range falls within WHO's definition of young people, which refers to individuals between ages 10 and 24. Join the one in a thousand users that support us financiallyif our library is useful to you, please pitch in. Includes bibliographical references and index, There are no reviews yet. [128] The validity of global self-esteem scales has been questioned, and many suggest that more specific scales might reveal more about the adolescent experience. Culture has been defined as the "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued". [221] Recent studies have shown that male late adolescents are far more likely to smoke cigarettes rather than females. [24] They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in being picked first for sports. Encyclopedia of adolescence by Lerner, Richard M; Petersen, Anne C; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Publication date 1991 Topics Adolescence -- Encyclopedias, Adolescence Publisher New York : Garland Pub. [35]:54. Dopamine is associated with pleasure and attuning to the environment during decision-making. Due to the fact that both men and women happen to have a low self-esteem after ending a romantic relationship, they are prone to other symptoms that is caused by this state. The Encyclopedia of Adolescence breaks new ground as an important central resource for the study of adolescence. [99] Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. In. [152]Peer groups are especially important during adolescence, a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers[153] and a decrease in adult supervision. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do. Language English Previews available in: English Subjects Encyclopedias , Adolescence [citation needed]. In addition to the original 730 entries, the new edition adds more than 200 new essays as well as updates to many other entries. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence,[135] when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. This process is different for females and males. Girls suffer from low self-esteem when they fail to win friends' approval or cannot find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests. [123] Because of this, statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members. In addition, from a population perspective, there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods, counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults. Cliques also have become somewhat a "collective parent", i.e. By and large, however, most teens play a waiting game, expecting to start really living only after they leave school. [225], Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). [226][227] Scholars continue to debate the effects of media on body dissatisfaction in teens.[228][229]. In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. PDF Encyclopedia of Human Development - SAGE Publications Inc ballet and gymnastics). In other countries, initiation ceremonies play an important role, marking the transition into adulthood or the entrance into adolescence. pp. Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual. College Professor Lucia O'Sullivan and her colleagues found that there were no significant gender differences in the relationship events adolescent boys and girls from grades 712 reported. (Columbia Law School), Ph.D. (Psychology, the University of Chicago), is professor of criminal justice at Indiana University and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Youth and Adolescence. "The initiative to promote positive changes in youth". In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transitionoften in the form of a ceremonycan last for only a few days.[238]. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a youth culture. Siblings are able to act as peers, and may increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth. The male and female gonads are thereby activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence mass production of hormones. By making full use of Springers print and online flexibility, the Encyclopedia is at the forefront of efforts to advance the field by pushing and creating new boundaries and areas of study that further our understanding of adolescents and their place in society. (PDF) Parentification - ResearchGate [88] This understanding of youth was based on two then-new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. Presented at. [197] The media distortions of the teens as too affluent, and as promiscuous, delinquent, counter-cultural rebels do not reflect the actual experiences of ordinary young adults, particularly young women. How evolution guides peer and media influences on female body dissatisfaction", "Teens are avid, daily users of social media", "Facebook under fire over secret teen research", "Internet use and academic achievement in early adolescence", "Why it's time to lay the stereotype of the 'teen brain' to rest", "The Danger of Treating Teens Like Children", "Are the Brains of Reckless Teens More Mature Than Those of Their Prudent Peers? It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger Adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state.